Editing Museum (section)

==Purpose==
[[File:Lower Paleolithic fossils from Darband Cave, Paleolithic hall, National Museum of Iran.jpg|thumb|left|Visitors examining fossils displayed at the [[National Museum of Iran]] in [[Tehran]], Iran]]
Museums serve to collect, preserve, interpret, and display objects of cultural, historical, or scientific significance. Their primary functions include safeguarding heritage for future generations and facilitating education through exhibitions and programs aligned with academic curricula.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Missions and objectives |url=https://icom.museum/en/about-us/missions-and-objectives/ |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=International Council of Museums |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2017-12-18 |title=Museums and P-12 Education |url=https://www.aam-us.org/programs/museums-and-p-12-education/ |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=American Alliance of Museums |language=en-US}}</ref>

Educational objectives remain central, with museums allocating significant resources to support formal and informal learning. The American Alliance of Museums (AAM) reports that U.S. museums contribute over 18 million instructional hours annually through guided tours, traveling exhibits, and teacher training.<ref name=":8" /> Economic impacts also factor into their societal role, as museums generate employment, stimulate tourism, and contribute tax revenue, with the AAM quantifying their annual GDP contribution at $50 billion.<ref>American Alliance of Museums, Lott, L. L., & Oxford Economics. (2017). ''Museums as Economic Engines: a national report''. https://www.aam-us.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/American-Alliance-of-Museums-web.pdf</ref>

Museum missions vary by institutional focus. Some prioritize education through interactive experiences. Others target specific audiences, like religious or local history organizations, while national museums aim for broad accessibility. Collections are curated according to mission statements, which dictate acquisition policies and conservation practices.<ref>American Association of Museums, & Merritt, E. E. (2008). ''National Standards & Best Practices for U.S. Museums'' (Lisa Meyerowitz, Ed.). The AAM PRESS. https://artsandmuseums.utah.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/NatlStandards_AAM.pdf</ref>

Preservation efforts address material degradation and ethical challenges. UNESCO’s 2015 Recommendation underscores the need to combat illicit trafficking and promote sustainable conservation methods, such as climate-controlled storage and digital archiving.<ref>Mairesse, F., United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Abungu, G., Afeiche, A.-M., Altayli, A., Babić, D., Galla, A., Rinçon, L., & Urquhart, N. (2019). ''Report on the implementation of the UNESCO 2015 Recommendation on Museums & Collections'' (B. A. Zako & T. Kai, Eds.; Trad Online, Trans.). United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. https://www.icom-italia.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/UNESCO.ReportImplementation2015RecommendationMuseum.2019.371549eng.pdf</ref> These measures ensure the physical integrity of artifacts while adhering to provenance research standards, particularly for items acquired during colonial eras.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=April 2017 |title=World Heritage Sites and Museums |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/review/83/ |journal=World Heritage |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |volume=83}}</ref>

=== Changing purpose over time ===
In the 19th century, museums focused mainly on scientific research and organizing collections, especially natural history specimens. They aimed to classify and study objects, often gathered through exploration and colonialism. Museums were mostly for scholars but began opening to the public to educate and improve society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rise of Museums |url=https://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/the-rise-museums |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=Open Learning |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khan Academy |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/approaches-to-art-history/tools-for-understanding-museums/museums-in-history/a/a-brief-history-of-the-art-museum-edit |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=www.khanacademy.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Abt |first=Jeffery |title="The Origins of the Public Museum." A Companion to Museum Studies |publisher=Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. |year=2006 |isbn=978-1444334050 |editor-last=Macdonald |editor-first=Sharon}}</ref> Institutions like the Smithsonian Institution maintain research capabilities but integrate them with missions to "increase and diffuse knowledge," as outlined in James Smithson’s founding bequest.<ref>{{cite web |title=James Smithson Society |url=https://www.si.edu/giving/membership/james-smithson-society |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020051258/https://www.si.edu/giving/membership/james-smithson-society/ |archive-date=20 October 2017 |access-date=14 March 2018 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref>

In the early 20th century, museums focused on collecting, studying, and preserving artifacts, with an emphasis on scientific research and authenticity. Exhibits were mostly static and aimed at scholars, often prioritizing the objects themselves over the visitor experience. In the latter half of the 20th century, reduced government funding pushed museums to rely more on private support and focus on attracting visitors to generate revenue. This shift led museums to prioritize public engagement, interactive exhibits, and economic contributions over traditional research and collecting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-05 |title=The Unexpected Logic of Art Economics: Arts and Inequality in 1980s New York |url=https://www.gothamcenter.org/blog/unexpected-logic-art-economics |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=The Gotham Center for New York City History |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Haimerl |first=Amy |date=2021-03-03 |title=What Keeps U.S. Art Museums Running—and How Might the Pandemic Change That? |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/united-states-art-museum-financing-1234584930/ |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=ARTnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The NEA and NEH Funding Crisis |url=https://www.upenn.edu/static/pnc/ptkoch.html |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=www.upenn.edu}}</ref>

In the 21st century, museums focus on being accessible and inclusive. They use digital tools to reach wider audiences through virtual tours and online collections. Museums encourage dialogue about current social issues and aim to represent diverse communities. While preserving and displaying objects remains important, museums now also have served as spaces for discussion and social change.<ref>Museums Association. (n.d.). Power and Privilege in the 21st Century Museum. https://media.museumsassociation.org/app/uploads/2020/06/11085810/Power-and-privilege-2.pdf</ref><ref>Institute of Museum and Library Services, IMLS, & Semmel, M. (2009). ''Museums, libraries, and 21st century skills''. https://www.imls.gov/sites/default/files/publications/documents/21stcenturyskills.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Autry |first1=La Tanya |last2=Murawski |first2=Mike |date=Fall 2019 |title=Museums Are Not Neutral: We Are Stronger Together |url=https://journalpanorama.org/article/public-scholarship/museums-are-not-neutral/ |journal=Panorama, Journal of the Association of Historians of American Art |publisher=UMN Libraries Publishing |volume=5 |issue=2}}</ref>

===Definitions===
[[File:Segundo Editatón Soumaya Abierto 01.JPG|thumb|right|A guided tour group at the [[Soumaya Museum]] in [[Mexico City]], Mexico]]Major professional organizations from around the world offer some definitions as to what constitutes a museum, and their purpose. Common themes in all the definitions are public good and the care, preservation, and interpretation of collections.
 
The [[International Council of Museums]]' current definition of a museum (adopted in 2022): "A museum is a not-for-profit, permanent institution in the service of society that researches, collects, conserves, interprets and exhibits tangible and intangible heritage. Open to the public, accessible and inclusive, museums foster diversity and sustainability. They operate and communicate ethically, professionally and with the participation of communities, offering varied experiences for education, enjoyment, reflection and knowledge sharing."<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICOM approves a new museum definition |url=https://icom.museum/en/news/icom-approves-a-new-museum-definition/ |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=International Council of Museums |language=en-US |archive-date=25 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825131435/https://icom.museum/en/news/icom-approves-a-new-museum-definition/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Canadian Museums Association]]'s definition: "A museum is a non-profit, permanent establishment, that does not exist primarily for the purpose of conducting temporary exhibitions and that is open to the public during regular hours and administered in the public interest for the purpose of conserving, preserving, studying, interpreting, assembling and exhibiting to the public for the instruction and enjoyment of the public, objects and specimens or educational and cultural value including artistic, scientific, historical and technological material."<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Museums |url=https://www.museumsmanitoba.com/en/about-museums|access-date=2021-12-12|website=Association of Manitoba Museums |archive-date=12 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212033155/https://www.museumsmanitoba.com/en/about-museums|url-status=live}}</ref>

The United Kingdom's [[Museums Association]]'s definition: "Museums enable people to explore collections for inspiration, learning and enjoyment. They are institutions that collect, safeguard and make accessible artifacts and specimens, which they hold in trust for society."

While the [[American Alliance of Museums]] does not have such a definition, their list of accreditation criteria to participate in their Accreditation Program states a museum must: "Be a legally organized nonprofit institution or part of a nonprofit organization or government entity; Be essentially educational in nature; Have a formally stated and approved mission; Use and interpret objects or a site for the public presentation of regularly scheduled programs and exhibits; Have a formal and appropriate program of documentation, care, and use of collections or objects; Carry out the above functions primarily at a physical facility or site; Have been open to the public for at least two years; Be open to the public at least 1,000 hours a year; Have accessioned 80 percent of its permanent collection; Have at least one paid professional staff with museum knowledge and experience; Have a full-time director to whom authority is delegated for day-to-day operations; Have the financial resources sufficient to operate effectively; Demonstrate that it meets the Core Standards for Museums; Successfully complete the Core Documents Verification Program".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-25|title=Eligibility|url=https://www.aam-us.org/programs/accreditation-excellence-programs/eligibility-to-participate-in-the-accreditation-program/|access-date=2021-12-12|website=American Alliance of Museums|language=en-US|archive-date=12 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212033155/https://www.aam-us.org/programs/accreditation-excellence-programs/eligibility-to-participate-in-the-accreditation-program/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Additionally, there is a legal definition of museum in United States legislation authorizing the establishment of the [[Institute of Museum and Library Services]]: "Museum means a public, tribal, or private nonprofit institution which is organized on a permanent basis for essentially educational, cultural heritage, or aesthetic purposes and which, using a professional staff: Owns or uses tangible objects, either animate or inanimate; Cares for these objects; and Exhibits them to the general public on a regular basis" (Museum Services Act 1976).<ref>{{Cite web|title=2 CFR § 3187.3 – Definition of a museum.|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/2/3187.3|access-date=2021-12-12|website=LII / Legal Information Institute|language=en|archive-date=12 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212033154/https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/2/3187.3|url-status=live}}</ref>