Editing Montmartre (section)

==History==
===Antiquity to 18th century===
[[Image:StPierreParis.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Saint-Pierre de Montmartre]] (originally 1133, much of it destroyed in 1790 and rebuilt in the 19th century) seen from the dome of the Basilica of the Sacré-Cœur]]
[[File:Vincent van Gogh - Le Moulin de la Galette.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The ''Moulin de la Galette'', painted by [[Vincent van Gogh]] in 1887 (Carnegie Museum of Art)]]
Archaeological excavations show that the heights of Montmartre were occupied from at least Gallo-Roman times. Texts from the 8th century cite the name of ''mons Mercori'' (Mount Mercury); a 9th-century text speaks of Mount Mars. Excavations in 1975 north of the [[Saint-Pierre de Montmartre|Church of Saint-Pierre]] found coins from the 3rd century and the remains of a major wall. Earlier excavations in the 17th century at the Fontaine-du-But (2 rue Pierre-Dac) found vestiges of Roman baths from the 2nd century.<ref name="Paris p. 477">''Dictionnaire historique de Paris'', p. 477.</ref>

The butte owes its particular religious importance to the text entitled ''Miracles of Saint-Denis'', written before 885 by [[Hilduin of Saint-Denis|Hilduin]], abbot of the monastery of Saint-Denis, which recounted how [[Saint Denis of Paris|Saint Denis]], a Christian bishop, was decapitated on the hilltop in 250 AD on orders of the Roman prefect Fescennius Sisinius for preaching the Christian faith to the Gallo-Roman inhabitants of [[Lutetia]]. According to Hilduin, Denis collected his head and carried it as far as the ''fontaine Saint-Denis'' (on modern ''impasse Girardon''), then descended the north slope of the hill, where he died. Hilduin wrote that a church had been built "in the place formerly called Mont de Mars, and then, by a happy change, 'Mont des Martyrs'."<ref name="Paris p. 477" />

In 1134, King [[Louis VI of France|Louis VI]] purchased the Merovingian chapel and built on the site the church of [[Saint-Pierre de Montmartre]], still standing. He also founded [[Montmartre Abbey|the Royal Abbey of Montmartre]], a monastery of the [[Benedictine order]], whose buildings, gardens and fields occupied most of Montmartre. He also built a small chapel, called the ''Martyrium'', at the site where it was believed that Saint Denis had been decapitated. It became a popular pilgrimage site. In the 17th century, a priory called ''abbaye d'en bas'' was built at that site, and in 1686 it was occupied by a community of nuns.<ref name="Paris p. 477" />

By the 15th century, the north and northeast slopes of the hill were the site of a village surrounded by vineyards, gardens and orchards of [[peach tree|peach]] and [[cherry tree]]s. The first mills were built on the western slope in 1529, grinding [[wheat]], [[barley]] and [[rye]]. There were thirteen mills at one time, though by the late nineteenth century only two remained,<ref name="Paris p. 477" />

During the 1590 [[Siege of Paris (1590)|Siege of Paris]], in the last decade of the [[French Wars of Religion]], [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]] placed his [[artillery]] on top of the ''butte'' of Montmartre to fire down into the city. The siege eventually failed when a large relief force approached and forced Henry to withdraw.

The abbey was destroyed in 1790 during the [[French Revolution]], and the convent demolished to make place for [[gypsum]] [[Mines of Paris|mines]]. The last abbess, [[Marie-Louise de Laval-Montmorency]], was guillotined in 1794.<ref>{{cite book |last=Monnier |first=Mechtilde |author-link= |date=1921 |title=La dernière abbesse de Montmartre: Marie Louise de Montmorency-Laval, 1723-1794 |url=https://archive.org/details/ladernireabbes04monnuoft |location=Paris |publisher= Paris P. Lethielleux |page= |isbn=}}</ref> The church of Saint-Pierre was saved. At the place where the chapel of the Martyrs was located (now 11 rue Yvonne-Le Tac), an oratory was built in 1855. It was renovated in 1994.<ref name="Paris p. 477" />

[[File:Chapelle des Martyrs Montmartre Abbey.jpg|thumb|left|The Chapel of the Martyrs of Montmartre Abbey in the 17th century]]

In 1790, Montmartre was located just outside the limits of Paris. That year, under the revolutionary government of the [[National Constituent Assembly (France)|National Constituent Assembly]], it became the ''[[Communes of France|commune]]'' of Montmartre, with its town hall located on ''[[place du Tertre]]'', site of the former abbey. The main businesses of the ''commune'' were wine making, stone quarries and gypsum mines. 
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====Mining and archaeology====
{{see also|Mines of Paris}}
[[File:Palaeotherium medium montmatre cuvier.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Skull of ''[[Palaeotherium]] medium'' from Montmartre]]
The mining of gypsum had begun in the [[Gallo-Roman culture|Gallo-Roman period]], first in open air mines and then underground, and continued until 1860. The gypsum was cut into blocks, baked, then ground and put into sacks. Sold as ''montmartarite'', it was used for plaster, because of its resistance to fire and water. Between the 7th and 9th centuries, most of the sarcophagi found in ancient sites were made of molded gypsum. In modern times, the mining was done with explosives, which riddled the ground under the butte with tunnels, making the ground very unstable and difficult to build upon. The construction of the Basilica of Sacré-Cœur required making a special foundation that descended {{convert|40|metres}} under the ground to hold the structure in place.<ref>''Dictionnaire historique de Paris'', p. 476.</ref> A [[fossil]] tooth found in one of these mines was identified by [[Georges Cuvier]] as an extinct [[equine]], which he dubbed ''[[Palaeotherium]]'', the "ancient animal". His sketch of the entire animal in 1825 was matched by a skeleton discovered later.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Simon J.|last1=Knell|first2=Suzanne|last2=Macleod|first3=Sheila E. R.|last3=Watson|title=Museum revolutions: how museums change and are changed|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England|date=1967|ISBN=978-0-415-44467-5}}</ref>

===19th century===
[[File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 064.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The ''[[Bal du moulin de la Galette]]'' by [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]] (1876) depicts a Sunday afternoon dance in Montmartre.]]
[[File:Louis-Émile Durandelle, Construction du Sacré-Cœur, 1882.jpg|thumbnail|250px|Construction of the Sacré-Cœur, 10 March 1882]]
Russian soldiers occupied Montmartre during the [[Battle of Paris (1814)|Battle of Paris]] in 1814. They used the altitude of the hill for artillery bombardment of the city.

Montmartre remained outside of the city limits of Paris until January 1, 1860, when it was annexed to the city along with other communities (''faubourgs'') surrounding Paris, and became part of the [[18th arrondissement of Paris]].

In 1871, Montmartre was the site of the beginning of the revolutionary uprising of the [[Paris Commune]]. During the [[Franco-Prussian War]], the French army had stored a large number of cannon in a park at the top of the hill, near where the basilica is today. On 18 March 1871, the soldiers from the French Army tried to remove the cannon from the hilltop. They were blocked by members of the politically radicalised Paris [[National Guard (France)|National Guard]], who captured and then killed two French army generals, and installed a revolutionary government that lasted two months. The heights of Montmartre were retaken by the French Army with heavy fighting at the end of May 1871, during what became known as the [[Semaine Sanglante]], or "Bloody Week".<ref>Sarmant, Thierry, ''Histoire de Paris'', p. 196.</ref>
 
In 1870, the future French prime minister during World War I, [[Georges Clemenceau]], was appointed mayor of the 18th arrondissement, including Montmartre, by the new government of the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]], and was also elected to the [[National Assembly (1871)|National Assembly]]. A member of the radical republican party, Clemenceau tried unsuccessfully to find a peaceful compromise between the even more radical Paris Commune and the more conservative French government. The Commune refused to recognize him as mayor, and seized the town hall. He ran for a seat in the council of the Paris Commune, but received less than eight hundred votes. He did not participate in the Commune, and was out of the city when the Commune was suppressed by the French army. In 1876, he again was elected as deputy for Montmartre and the 18th arrondissement.<ref>Milza, Pierre, ''L'année terrible – La Commune (mars-juin 1871)''</ref>

The Basilica of the [[Sacré-Cœur, Paris|Sacré-Cœur]] was built on Montmartre from 1876 to 1919, financed by public subscription as a gesture of [[expiation]] for the suffering of France during the [[Franco-Prussian War]]. Its white dome is a highly visible landmark in the city, and near it artists set up their easels each day amidst the tables and colourful umbrellas of the ''place du Tertre''.

By the 19th century, the butte was famous for its cafés, [[guinguettes]] with public dancing, and cabarets. [[Le Chat Noir]] at 84 ''boulevard de Rochechouart'' was founded in 1881 by [[Rodolphe Salis]], and became a popular haunt for writers and poets. The composer [[Eric Satie]] earned money by playing the piano there. The [[Moulin Rouge]] at 94 ''boulevard de Clichy'' was founded in 1889 by [[Joseph Oller]] and [[Charles Zidler]]; it became the birthplace of the French [[cancan]].<ref>''Dictionnaire historique de Paris'', p. 478</ref>  Artists who performed in the cabarets of Montmartre included [[Yvette Guilbert]], [[Marcelle Lender]], [[Aristide Bruant]], [[La Goulue]], [[Georges Guibourg]], [[Mistinguett]], [[Fréhel]], [[Jane Avril]], and [[Marie-Louise Damien|Damia]].

===Artists gather (late 19th–early 20th century)===
[[File:Théophile-Alexandre Steinlen - Tournée du Chat Noir de Rodolphe Salis (Tour of Rodolphe Salis' Chat Noir) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Théophile Steinlen]]'s advertisement for the tour of ''[[Le Chat Noir]]'' cabaret]]
During the ''[[Belle Époque]]'' from 1872 to 1914, many artists lived and worked in Montmartre, where the rents were low and the atmosphere congenial. [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]] rented space at ''12 rue Cortot'' in 1876 to paint ''[[Bal du moulin de la Galette]]'', showing a dance at Montmartre on a Sunday afternoon. [[Maurice Utrillo]] lived at the same address from 1906 to 1914, and [[Raoul Dufy]] shared an atelier there from 1901 to 1911. The building is now the ''[[Musée de Montmartre]]''.<ref name="Paris, 2013">''Dictionnaire historique de Paris'', (2013), La Pochothèque, ({{ISBN|978-2-253-13140-3}})</ref> [[Pablo Picasso]], [[Amedeo Modigliani]] and other artists lived and worked in a building called {{Lang|fr|[[Le Bateau-Lavoir]]|italic=no}} during the years 1904–1909, where Picasso painted one of his most important masterpieces, ''[[Les Demoiselles d'Avignon]]''. Several composers, including [[Erik Satie]], lived in the neighbourhood. Most of the artists left after the outbreak of World War I, the majority of them going to the [[Montparnasse]] quarter.<ref>''Dictionnaire historique de Paris'', pp. 476–480</ref>

Artists' associations such as [[Les Nabis]] and the [[Incoherents|''Incohérents'']] were formed and individuals including [[Vincent van Gogh]], [[Pierre Brissaud]], [[Alfred Jarry]], [[Jacques Villon]], [[Raymond Duchamp-Villon]], [[Henri Matisse]], [[André Derain]], [[Suzanne Valadon]], [[Edgar Degas]], [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]], [[Théophile Steinlen]], and [[African-American]] expatriates such as [[Langston Hughes]] worked in Montmartre<ref>See William A. Shack's ''Harlem in Montmartre'', University of California Press, 2001. {{ISBN|0520225376}}</ref> and drew some of their inspiration from the area.

The last of the [[Bohemianism|bohemian]] Montmartre artists was [[Gen Paul]] (1895&ndash;1975), born in Montmartre and a friend of Utrillo. Paul's calligraphic expressionist lithographs, sometimes memorializing picturesque Montmartre itself, owe a lot to [[Raoul Dufy]].

Among the last of the neighborhood's bohemian gathering places was [[R-26 (salon)|R-26]], an artistic salon frequented by [[Josephine Baker]], [[Le Corbusier]] and [[Django Reinhardt]]. Its name was commemorated by Reinhardt in his 1947 tune "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LyD7w0aS1lE R. vingt-six]".<ref>Django Reinhardt – Swing De Paris. 6 Oct. 2012. Exhibit. La Cité de la musique, Paris.</ref>

===Modern day===
[[File:Butte Montmartre 1.jpg|thumb|The view from the butte looking towards [[Centre Georges Pompidou]]]]
[[File:MontmartreBus.jpg|thumb|right|The Montmartre "petit train" doing its rounds near the [[Moulin Rouge]] [[cabaret]]]]
[[File:Montmatre bordercropped.jpg|thumb|upright|The stairs of the [[Rue Foyatier]]]]
[[File:Vigne de Montmartre.jpg|thumb|Vineyard in the Rue Saint-Vincent; the day of the Feast of gardens, 15 days after harvest]]
There is a small [[vineyard]] in the Rue Saint-Vincent, which continues the tradition of wine production in the Île de France, and a [[wild garden]], occupied by [[midwife toad]]s, also in the Rue Saint-Vincent.<ref>Paris.fr, [https://www.paris.fr/lieux/jardin-sauvage-saint-vincent-1784 Jardin sauvage Saint-Vincent], accessed 12 May 2024</ref><ref>[[Paris Aéroport]], ''Paris Vous Aime Magazine'', No 13, avril-may-juin 2023, p. 95</ref> The vineyard yields about {{convert|500|litres}} of wine per year,<ref>{{cite web |title=Montmartre |url=https://www.travelsspots.com/discovering-the-charm-of-montmartre/ |website=Discovering the Charm of Montmartre}}</ref>

The [[Musée de Montmartre]] is in the house where the painters [[Maurice Utrillo]] and [[Suzanne Valadon]] lived and worked in second-floor studios. The house was [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]]'s first Montmartre address. Many other personalities moved through the premises. The mansion in the garden at the back is the oldest hotel on Montmartre, and one of its first owners was Claude de la Rose, a 17th-century actor known as ''Rosimond'', who bought it in 1680. Claude de la Rose was the actor who replaced [[Molière]], and who, like his predecessor, died on stage.

Nearby, day and night, tourists visit such sights as [[Place du Tertre]] and the cabaret du [[Lapin Agile]], where the artists had worked and gathered. Many renowned artists, such as painter and sculptor [[Edgar Degas]] and film director [[François Truffaut]], are buried in the [[Cimetière de Montmartre]] and the [[Cimetière Saint-Vincent]]. Near the top of the butte, [[Espace Dalí]] showcases [[Surrealism|surrealist]] artist [[Salvador Dalí]]'s work. Montmartre is an officially designated historic district with limited development allowed in order to maintain its historic character.

An inclined railway, the [[Funiculaire de Montmartre]], operated by the [[Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens|RATP]], ascends the hill from the south, while the Montmartre bus circles the hill.

Downhill to the southwest is the [[red-light district]] of [[Quartier Pigalle|Pigalle]]. That area is, today, largely known for a wide variety of stores specializing in instruments for rock music. There are also several concert halls, also used for rock music. The actual Moulin Rouge theatre is also in Pigalle, near the Blanche métro station.