Editing Montevideo (section)

== History ==
{{For timeline}}
{{Quote box 
|width    = 22em 
|align    = left   
|bgcolor  = #B0C4DE
|title    = Historical Affiliations
|fontsize = 90% 
|quote    =
{{plainlist |
*{{flagdeco|Spain|1506}} [[Spanish Empire]] 1724–1807
*{{flagdeco|UK}} [[British Empire]] 1807
*{{flagdeco|Spain|1506}} [[Spanish Empire]] 1807–1814
*[[File:Flag of Argentina (civil).svg|23px]] [[United Provinces of the River Plate|Río de la Plata]] 1814–1815
*[[File:Flag of Artigas.svg|23px]] [[Liga Federal|Federal League]] 1815–1817
*{{flagdeco|Portugal|1816}} [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves|U.K. of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]] 1817–1822
*{{flag|Empire of Brazil}} 1822–1828
*{{flag|Uruguay}} 1828–present
}}
}}

[[File:Paraguay - O Prov de Rio de la Plata - cum regionibus adiacentibus Tvcvman et Sta. Cruz de la Sierra - ca 1600.jpg|thumb|17th century map of the Río de la Plata basin]]
=== Early history ===
Between 1680 and 1683, Portugal founded the city of [[Colonia do Sacramento]] in the region across the bay from [[Buenos Aires]]. This city met with no resistance from the Spanish until 1723, when they began to place fortifications on the elevations around Montevideo Bay. On 22 November 1723, Field Marshal {{interlanguage link|Manuel de Freitas da Fonseca|pt}} of Portugal built the Montevieu fort.
[[File:Los Primeros Pobladores de Montevideo.png|thumb|259x259px|Arrival of the first families from the Canary Islands in 1726.]]
A Spanish expedition was sent from Buenos Aires, organized by the Spanish governor of that city, Bruno Mauricio de Zabala. On 22 January 1724, the Spanish forced the Portuguese to abandon the location and started populating the city, initially with six families moving in from Buenos Aires and soon thereafter by families arriving from the [[Canary Islands]] who were known as [[Guanches]] or [[Canarians]]. There was also one significant early Italian resident by the name of Jorge Burgues.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carlos Maggi |title=La Paloma, la historia y el futuro |trans-title=La Paloma, the history and the future |url=http://200.40.120.164/08/08/24/predit_365682.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429050121/http://200.40.120.164/08/08/24/predit_365682.asp |archive-date=29 April 2011 |access-date=17 November 2009 |website=El País |language=es}}</ref>

A census of the city's inhabitants was performed in 1724 and then a plan was drawn delineating the city and designating it as ''San Felipe y Santiago de Montevideo'', later shortened to Montevideo. The census counted more than 100 families of [[Galician people|Galician]] and Canary Islands origin, more than 1000 indigenous people, mostly [[Guarani people|Guaraní]], as well as some [[Atlantic slave trade|trafficked slaves]] of [[Bantu peoples|Bantu origin]].<ref name=SextMon />

A few years after its foundation, Montevideo became the main city of the region north of the Río de la Plata and east of the [[Uruguay River]], competing with Buenos Aires for dominance in maritime commerce. The importance of Montevideo as the main port of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata brought it in confrontations with the city of Buenos Aires in various occasions, including several times when it was taken over to be used as a base to defend the eastern province of the Viceroyalty from Portuguese incursions.{{cn|date=August 2024}}

In 1776, Spain made Montevideo its main naval base (''Real Apostadero de Marina'') for the South Atlantic, with authority over the Argentine coast, [[Bioko|Fernando Po]], and the [[Falkland Islands|Falklands]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Armada Nacional a través del tiempo |url=http://www.armada.mil.uy/general/historia/historia-armada.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514003200/http://www.armada.mil.uy/general/historia/historia-armada.html |archive-date=14 May 2011 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=www.armada.mil.uy}}</ref> Until the end of the 18th century, Montevideo remained a fortified area, today known as [[Ciudad Vieja, Montevideo|Ciudad Vieja]].

=== 19th century ===
[[File:Monte Video from the Anchorage outside the Harbour.png|thumb|upright=2.2| "Monte Video from the Anchorage outside the Harbour" by [[Emeric Essex Vidal]] (1820). The earliest securely dated picture of the city.<ref>The watercolour can be securely dated from its inclusion in ''Picturesque Illustrations of Buenos Ayres and Monte Video'', p.xxix, published by R. Ackermann, London, 1820. No depiction of the city of earlier secure date has yet been produced.</ref>]]
On 3 February 1807, British troops under the command of General [[Samuel Auchmuty (British Army officer)|Samuel Auchmuty]] and Admiral [[Charles Stirling]] occupied the city during the [[Battle of Montevideo (1807)]], but it was recaptured by the Spanish in the same year on 2 September when [[John Whitelocke]] was forced to surrender to troops formed by forces of the [[Banda Oriental]]—roughly the same area as modern Uruguay—and of Buenos Aires.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Segunda Invasión Inglesa (1807) |trans-title=Second English Invasion (1807) |url=http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/2003/SAN_LUIS/128/2invac.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721193505/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/2003/SAN_LUIS/128/2invac.htm |archive-date=21 July 2010 |access-date=15 November 2010 |publisher=ONI.edu.er |language=es}}</ref> After this conflict, the governor of Montevideo [[Francisco Javier de Elío]] opposed the new viceroy [[Santiago de Liniers]], and created a government Junta when the [[Peninsular War]] started in Spain, in defiance of Liniers. Elío disestablished the Junta when Liniers was replaced by [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]].

During the [[May Revolution]] of 1810 and the subsequent uprising of the provinces of Rio de la Plata, the Spanish colonial government moved to Montevideo. During that year and the next, Uruguayan revolutionary [[José Gervasio Artigas]] united with others from Buenos Aires against Spain.<ref name="Historia">{{Cite web |last=Nelson Ormazába |title=Historia |url=http://www.montevideanos.com/historia.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000830095731/http://www.montevideanos.com/historia.htm |archive-date=30 August 2000 |access-date=17 November 2009 |website=Montevideanos.com |language=es}}</ref> In 1811, the forces deployed by the [[Junta Grande]] of Buenos Aires and the [[gaucho]] forces led by Artigas started a [[Siege of Montevideo (1811)|siege of Montevideo]], which had refused to obey the directives of the new authorities of the May Revolution. The siege was lifted at the end of that year, when the military situation started deteriorating in the [[Upper Peru]] region.

The Spanish governor was expelled in 1814. In 1816, Portugal invaded the recently liberated territory and in 1821, it was annexed to the Banda Oriental of Brazil. It was named {{interlanguage link|Imperial Cidade|pt|lt=Imperial City}} by [[Emperor of Brazil|Emperor]] [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro I]] when the city was part of the [[Empire of Brazil]] as the capital of the [[Cisplatina|Cisplatina province]].<ref name="Historia" /> [[Juan Antonio Lavalleja]] and his band called the ''Treinta y Tres Orientales'' ("[[Thirty-Three Orientals]]") re-established the independence of the region in 1825. Uruguay was consolidated as an independent state in 1828, with Montevideo as the nation's capital.<ref name="Paisaje urbano" /> In 1829, the demolition of the city's fortifications began and plans were made for an extension beyond the Ciudad Vieja, referred to as the "Ciudad Nueva" ("new city"). Urban expansion, however, moved very slowly because of the events that followed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IMM |date=22 April 2010 |title=History of Centro |url=http://www.montevideo.gub.uy/ciudad/historia/barrios/centro-0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426044126/http://www.montevideo.gub.uy/ciudad/historia/barrios/centro-0 |archive-date=26 April 2011 |access-date=16 November 2010 |website=montevideo.gub.uy |language=es}}</ref>

[[File:PlanoMontevideoSitioGrande.JPG|thumb|Map of Montevideo during the [[Uruguayan Civil War|Guerra Grande]] (1843–1851).]]

Uruguay's 1830s were dominated by the confrontation between [[Manuel Oribe]] and [[Fructuoso Rivera]], the two revolutionary leaders who had fought against the [[Empire of Brazil]] under the command of Lavalleja, each of whom had become the ''[[caudillo]]'' of their respective faction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historia General de las Relaciones Exteriores de la Argentina (1806–1989) |trans-title=General History of the Foreign Relations of Argentina (1806–1989) |url=http://www.argentina-rree.com/4/4-019.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303235246/http://www.argentina-rree.com/4/4-019.htm |archive-date=3 March 2009 |access-date=17 November 2009 |website=La situación en el Uruguay y el Litoral durante la década de 1830 |language=es}}</ref> Politics were divided between Oribe's ''Blancos'' ("whites"), represented by the [[National Party (Uruguay)|National Party]], and Rivera's ''Colorados'' ("reds"), represented by the [[Colorado Party (Uruguay)|Colorado Party]], with each party's name taken from the color of its emblems. In 1838, Oribe was forced to resign from the presidency; he established a rebel army and began a long civil war, the [[Uruguayan Civil War|Guerra Grande]], which lasted until 1851.

The city of Montevideo suffered a [[Great Siege of Montevideo|siege of eight years between 1843 and 1851]], during which it was supplied by sea with British and French support.<ref name="tacuycom" /> By 1843 Montevideo's population of thirty thousand inhabitants was highly cosmopolitan with Uruguayans making up only a third of it.<ref name=Etche17/> The remaining were chiefly Italian (4205), Spanish (3406), Argentine (2553), Portuguese (659), English (606) and Brazilians (492).<ref name="Etche17">{{Cite journal |last=Etchechury Barrera |first=Mario |year=2017 |title="Defensores de la humanidad y la civilización". Las legiones extranjeras de Montevideo, entre el mito cosmopolita y la eclosión de las 'nacionalidades' (1838–1851) |url=http://ojs.uc.cl/index.php/rhis/article/view/7534/7060 |journal=[[Historia (history of the Americas journal)|Historia]] |language=es |volume=50 |issue=II |pages=491–524 |access-date=14 August 2020 |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919194032/http://ojs.uc.cl/index.php/rhis/article/view/7534/7060 |url-status=live }}</ref> Oribe, with the support of the then conservative [[Governor of Buenos Aires Province]] [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], besieged the Colorados in Montevideo, where the latter were supported by the French Legion, the Italian Legion, the Basque Legion and battalions from Brazil. Finally in 1851, with the additional support of Argentine rebels who opposed Rosas, the Colorados defeated Oribe.<ref name="Historia" /> The fighting however resumed in 1855, when the Blancos came to power, which they maintained until 1865. Thereafter, the Colorado Party regained power, which they retained until the middle of the 20th century.

After the end of hostilities, a period of growth and expansion started for the city. In 1853 a [[stagecoach]] bus line was established joining Montevideo with the newly formed settlement of [[Unión, Montevideo|Unión]] and the first natural gas [[street light]]s were inaugurated.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} From 1854 to 1861 the first public sanitation facilities were constructed. In 1856 the Teatro Solís was inaugurated, 15 years after the beginning of its construction. By Decree, in December 1861 the areas of [[Aguada, Montevideo|Aguada]] and [[Cordón]] were incorporated to the growing ''Ciudad Nueva'' (New City).<ref name=stats/> In 1866, an underwater telegraph line connected the city with Buenos Aires. The statue of Peace, ''La Paz'', was erected on a column in Plaza Cagancha and the building of the Postal Service as well as the bridge of Paso Molino were inaugurated in 1867.<ref name="cronologia">{{Cite web |title=Cronología de Montevideo 1742–1990 (PDF) |url=http://www.montevideo.gub.uy/sites/default/files/articulo/cronologia_0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914063223/http://www.montevideo.gub.uy/sites/default/files/articulo/cronologia_0.pdf |archive-date=14 September 2013 |access-date=22 November 2010 |publisher=Intendencia de Montevideo}}</ref>

In 1868, the [[Horsecar|horse-drawn tram]] company ''Compañía de Tranvías al Paso del Molino y Cerro'' created the first lines connecting Montevideo with Unión, the beach resort of [[Capurro]] and the industrialized and economically independent [[Villa del Cerro]], at the time called ''Cosmopolis''. In the same year, the Mercado del Puerto was inaugurated. In 1869, the first railway line of the company ''Ferrocarril Central del Uruguay'' was inaugurated connecting [[Bella Vista, Montevideo|Bella Vista]] with the town of [[Las Piedras, Uruguay|Las Piedras]]. During the same year and the next, the neighborhoods [[Colón Sudeste|Colón]], [[Nuevo París]] and [[La Comercial]] were founded. The Sunday market of Tristán Narvaja Street was established in [[Cordón]] in 1870. Public water supply was established in 1871. In 1878, ''Bulevar Circunvalación'' was constructed, a boulevard starting from [[Punta Carretas]], going up to the north end of the city and then turning west to end at the beach of Capurro. It was renamed [[Artigas Boulevard]] in 1885.<ref name="cronologia" /> By Decree, on 8 January 1881, the area ''Los Pocitos'' was incorporated into the ''Novísima Ciudad'' (Most New City).<ref name=stats/>

The first telephone lines were installed in 1882 and electric street lights took the place of the gas-operated ones in 1886. The Hipódromo de Maroñas started operating in 1888, and the neighborhoods of Reus del Sur, [[Reus al Norte|Reus del Norte]] and [[Conciliación]] were inaugurated in 1889. The new building of the School of Arts and Trades, as well as Zabala Square in Ciudad Vieja were inaugurated in 1890, followed by the Italian Hospital in 1891. In the same year, the village of [[Peñarol, Montevideo|Peñarol]] was founded. Other neighborhoods that were founded were Belgrano and [[Belvedere, Montevideo|Belvedere]] in 1892, [[Jacinto Vera, Montevideo|Jacinto Vera]] in 1895 and Trouville in 1897. In 1894 the new port was constructed, and in 1897, the [[Estación Central General Artigas|Central Railway Station of Montevideo]] was inaugurated.<ref name="tacuycom" /><ref name="cronologia" /><!-- Between 1878 and 1911, British-owned railway companies built an extensive railway network linking the city and its port to the countryside. {{citation needed|date=November 2010}}-->
[[File:MontevideoIndependencePlaza1900.jpg|thumb|Plaza Independencia around 1900.]]

=== 20th century ===
In the early 20th century, many Europeans (particularly Spaniards and Italians but also thousands from Central Europe) immigrated to the city. In 1908, 30% of the city's population of 300,000 was foreign-born. In that decade the city expanded quickly: new neighborhoods were created and many separate settlements were annexed to the city, among which were the [[Villa del Cerro]], [[Pocitos]], the [[Prado, Montevideo|Prado]] and [[Colón Sudeste|Villa Colón]]. The [[Parque Rodó|Rodó Park]] and the [[Estadio Gran Parque Central]] were also established, which served as ''poles'' of urban development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crecimiento Demográfico en el 1900 |url=http://www.tacuy.com.uy/Servicios/Montevideo/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302094006/http://www.tacuy.com.uy/Servicios/Montevideo/index.htm |archive-date=2 March 2009 |access-date=17 November 2009 |website=Tacuy.com.uy |language=es}}</ref> During the early 20th century, Uruguay saw huge social changes with repercussions primarily in urban areas. Among these changes were the right to divorce (1907) and [[women's suffrage|women's right to vote]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2007 |title=Historia |url=http://www.adesh.org/archivos_pdf/REPUBLICA%20ORIENTAL%20DEL%20URUGUAY.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430035853/http://www.adesh.org/archivos_pdf/REPUBLICA%20ORIENTAL%20DEL%20URUGUAY.pdf |archive-date=30 April 2011 |access-date=17 November 2009 |website=Adesh.org – Fundación para el Fomento y Desarrollo de Hispanoamérica |language=es}}</ref> The 1910s saw the construction of Montevideo's [[Rambla of Montevideo|Rambla]]; strikes by tram workers, bakers and port workers; the inauguration of electric trams; the creation of the [[Intendencia#Uruguay|Municipal Intendencias]]; and the inauguration of the new port.<ref name="HD19">{{Cite web |last=Javier Meneses Silva |title=red88 |url=https://red8888.me/ |url-status=dead |access-date=17 November 2009 |website=red8888.me |language=es}}</ref> In 1913, the city limits were extended around the entire gulf. The previously independent localities of the [[Villa del Cerro]] and [[La Teja]] were annexed to Montevideo, becoming two of its neighborhoods.<ref name="PieGau">{{Cite web |last=Pierre Gautreau |title=La Bahía de Montevideo: 150 años de modificación de un paisaje costero y subacuático |url=http://elgatea.free.fr/mesdocuments/Bahia-alta-resolucion.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112152235/http://elgatea.free.fr/mesdocuments/Bahia-alta-resolucion.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2016 |access-date=15 July 2008 |website=Véase página 3 del archivo |language=es }}</ref> During the 1920s, the equestrian statue of Artigas was installed in [[Plaza Independencia]]; the [[Palacio Legislativo (Uruguay)|Palacio Legislativo]] was built; the Spanish [[Plus Ultra (flying boat)|Plus Ultra]] flying boat arrived (the first airplane to fly from Spain to Latin America, 1926); prominent politician and former president [[José Batlle y Ordóñez]] died (1929); and the ground was broken (1929) for the [[Estadio Centenario]] (completed 1930).<ref name="HD1900">{{Cite web |last=Javier Meneses Silva |title=Hechos destacados de 1900 |url=http://www.tacuy.com.uy/Servicios/Montevideo/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302094006/http://www.tacuy.com.uy/Servicios/Montevideo/index.htm |archive-date=2 March 2009 |access-date=17 November 2009 |website=Tacuy.com.uy |language=es}}</ref>

===World War II===
During World War II, a famous incident involving the [[German cruiser Admiral Graf Spee|German cruiser ''Admiral Graf Spee'']] took place in [[Punta del Este]], {{convert|200|km|sp=us}} from Montevideo. After the [[Battle of the River Plate]] with the [[Royal Navy]] and [[Royal New Zealand Navy]] on 13 December 1939, the ''Graf Spee'' retreated to Montevideo's port, which was considered neutral at the time. To avoid risking the crew in what he thought would be a losing battle, Captain [[Hans Langsdorff]] [[Scuttling|scuttled]] the ship on 17 December. Langsdorff committed suicide two days later. The eagle figurehead of the ''Graf Spee'' was salvaged on 10 February 2006.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2006 |title=Graf Spee's eagle rises from deep |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4702832.stm |access-date=16 November 2006 |archive-date=2 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102165220/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4702832.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Stephanie Condron |date= 16 February 2006 |title=The Graf Spee eagle is landed |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/uruguay/1510657/The-Graf-Spee-eagle-is-landed.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/uruguay/1510657/The-Graf-Spee-eagle-is-landed.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===Post-war era===
[[File:Calle Washington en Ciudad Vieja, Montevideo, Uruguay.jpg|left|thumb|233x233px|A street in Montevideo's Ciudad Vieja.]]
Uruguay began to stagnate economically in the mid-1950s; Montevideo began a decline, later exacerbated by widespread social and political violence beginning in 1968 (including the emergence of the guerrilla [[Movimiento de Liberación Nacional-Tupamaros]]<ref name=HD1900 />) and by the [[Civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay (1973-1985)]].<!--({{ill|es|Dictadura_c%C3%ADvico-militar_en_Uruguay_%281973-1985%29}})--> There were major problems with supply; the immigration cycle was reversed.

From the 1960s to the end of the dictatorship in 1985, around one hundred people died or [[Forced disappearance|disappeared]] because of political violence. In 1974 another hundred Uruguayans also disappeared in Argentina.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Violencia |url=http://www.tacuy.com.uy/Servicios/Montevideo/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302094006/http://www.tacuy.com.uy/Servicios/Montevideo/index.htm |archive-date=2 March 2009 |access-date=17 November 2009 |website=Tacuy.com.uy |language=es}}</ref> In 1980, the dictatorship proposed a new constitution. The project was submitted to a [[referendum]] and rejected in the first polls since 1971, with 58% of the votes against and 42% in favor. The result weakened the military and triggered its fall, allowing the return of democracy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plebiscito constitucional de 1980 |url=http://www.tacuy.com.uy/Servicios/Montevideo/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302094006/http://www.tacuy.com.uy/Servicios/Montevideo/index.htm |archive-date=2 March 2009 |access-date=17 November 2009 |website=Tacuy.com.uy |language=es}}</ref>

In the 1980s, Pope [[John Paul II]] visited the city twice. In April 1987, as head of state of [[Vatican City|Vatican]], he signed a mediation agreement for the conflict of the [[Beagle Channel]].<ref name="VisPap">{{Cite web |title=Visitas de Juan Pablo II |url=http://www.tacuy.com.uy/Servicios/Montevideo/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302094006/http://www.tacuy.com.uy/Servicios/Montevideo/index.htm |archive-date=2 March 2009 |access-date=17 November 2009 |website=Tacuy.com.uy |language=es}}</ref> He also held a large mass in [[Tres Cruces]], declaring the cross located behind the altar as a monument. In 1988, he returned to the country, visiting Montevideo, [[Florida, Uruguay|Florida]], [[Salto, Uruguay|Salto]] and [[Melo, Uruguay|Melo]].<ref name=VisPap />

=== 21st century ===

The [[2002 Uruguay banking crisis]] affected several industries of Montevideo. In 2017, the city has maintained 15 years of economic growth, with a [[GDP]] of $44&nbsp;billion, and a [[GDP per capita]] of $25,900.<ref name="mckinsey.com" /><ref name="ReferenceA" />

Montevideo has consistently been rated as having the highest quality of life of any city in Latin America:<ref name="fodors.com">{{Cite web |title=Montevideo Travel Guide |url=http://www.fodors.com/world/south-america/uruguay/montevideo |access-date=16 February 2014 |publisher=Fodor'sTravel |archive-date=1 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301054435/http://www.fodors.com/world/south-america/uruguay/montevideo/ |url-status=live }}</ref> by 2015<ref name="2015 Quality of Living Survey">{{Cite web |title=2015 Quality of Living Survey |url=http://www.latam.mercer.com/content/mercer/latin-america-and-caribbean/mx/es/newsroom/mercer-calidad-de-vida-internacional-2015.html |access-date=5 March 2015 |publisher=Mercer |language=es |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308062905/https://www.latam.mercer.com/content/mercer/latin-america-and-caribbean/mx/es/newsroom/mercer-calidad-de-vida-internacional-2015.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2015 Quality of Living Survey |url=http://www.uk.mercer.com/newsroom/2015-quality-of-living-survey.html |access-date=5 March 2015 |publisher=Mercer |archive-date=9 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209025212/http://www.uk.mercer.com/newsroom/2015-quality-of-living-survey.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> it held this rank every year during the decade through 2014.<ref name="Globalization" /><ref name="globalizacion.org" /><ref name="historico.elpais.com.uy" /><ref name="fastcoexist.com" /><ref name="mercer.com" />