Editing Minnesota (section)

== History ==
{{Main|History of Minnesota}}

[[File:Minnesota Territory 1849.svg|thumb|A map of [[Minnesota Territory]] 1849–1858]]
When Europeans arrived in North America, the [[Dakota people]] lived in what is now Minnesota. The first Europeans to enter the region were French [[voyageurs]], [[fur trade]]rs who arrived in the 17th century. They used the [[Grand Portage National Monument|Grand Portage]] to access trapping and trading areas further into Minnesota. The [[Anishinaabe]] (also known as [[Ojibwe]] or Chippewa) were migrating into Minnesota, causing tensions with the Dakota people,<ref name="timepieces">{{cite web | title = TimePieces | url = http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/timeline.cfm | publisher = Minnesota Historical Society | access-date = September 19, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060917211935/http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/timeline.cfm | archive-date = September 17, 2006 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> and dislocated the [[Mdewakanton]] from their homelands along [[Mille Lacs Lake]]. Explorers such as [[Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut]], Father [[Louis Hennepin]], [[Jonathan Carver]], [[Henry Schoolcraft]], and [[Joseph Nicollet]] mapped the state.

The region was part of [[Louisiana (New Spain)|Spanish Louisiana]] from 1762 to 1802.<ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase – History, Facts, & Map |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349302/Louisiana-Purchase |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501010249/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349302/Louisiana-Purchase |archive-date=May 1, 2015 |access-date=December 31, 2014 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Chamberlain |first1=Charles |last2=Faber |first2=Lo |title=Spanish Colonial Louisiana |url=http://www.knowlouisiana.org/entry/spanish-colonial-louisiana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219090342/http://www.knowlouisiana.org/entry/spanish-colonial-louisiana |archive-date=February 19, 2018 |access-date=February 18, 2018 |website=Know Louisiana}}</ref> The portion of the state east of the Mississippi River became part of the United States at the end of the [[American Revolutionary War]], when the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Second Treaty of Paris]] was signed. Land west of the Mississippi was acquired with the [[Louisiana Purchase]], though the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] disputed the [[Red River Valley]] until the [[Treaty of 1818]], when the border on the [[49th parallel north|49th parallel]] was agreed upon.<ref name="Lass" />

In 1805, [[Zebulon Pike]] bargained with Native Americans to acquire land at the [[confluence]] of the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers to create a military reservation. The construction of Fort Snelling followed between 1819 and 1825.<ref name="Gilman">{{cite book | title = The Story of Minnesota's Past | last = Gilman | first = Rhoda R. | publisher = Minnesota Historical Society Press | location = St. Paul, Minnesota | date = July 1, 1991 | isbn = 978-0-87351-267-1}}</ref> Its soldiers built a [[grist mill]] and a [[sawmill]] at [[Saint Anthony Falls]], which were harbingers of the water-powered industries around which Minneapolis later grew. Meanwhile, squatters, government officials, and others had settled near the fort; in 1839 the army forced them off military lands, and most moved downriver, just outside the military reservation, to the area that became St. Paul.<ref name="hfs">{{cite web | url = http://www.mnhs.org/places/sites/hfs/history.html | title = Historic Fort Snelling | publisher = Minnesota Historical Society Press | access-date = July 6, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120716231055/http://www.mnhs.org/places/sites/hfs/history.html | archive-date = July 16, 2012 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

Minnesota was part of several territorial organizations between acquisition and statehood. From 1812 to 1821 it was part of the [[Territory of Missouri]] that corresponded with much of the Louisiana Purchase. It was briefly an unorganized territory ([[Territories of the United States#Formerly unorganized territories|1821–1834]]) and was later consolidated with Wisconsin, Iowa and half the Dakotas to form the short-lived [[Territory of Michigan]] (1834–1836). From 1836 to 1848, Minnesota and Iowa were part of the [[Territory of Wisconsin]]. From 1838 to 1846, Minnesota west of the Mississippi River was part of the [[Territory of Iowa]]. Minnesota east of the Mississippi was part of Wisconsin until 1848.<ref name="auto">Minnesota: A History of the State By Theodore Christian Blegen page 202–203</ref>

When Iowa gained statehood, western Minnesota was in an Unorganized Territory again. [[Minnesota Territory]] was formed on March 3, 1849. The first territorial legislature, held on September 2, 1849,<ref>{{cite web |title=City History |url=http://www.ci.crystal.mn.us/about_crystal/city_history.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027214559/http://www.ci.crystal.mn.us/about_crystal/city_history.php |archive-date=October 27, 2014 |access-date=October 28, 2014 |website=Welcome to the City of Crystal, MN}}</ref> was dominated by men of [[New England]] ancestry.<ref>New England in the Life of the World: A Record of Adventure and Achievement By Howard Allen Bridgman page 112</ref> Thousands of pioneers had come to create farms and cut timber. Minnesota became the [[List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union|32nd U.S. state]] on May 11, 1858. The founding population was so overwhelmingly of New England origins that the state was dubbed "the New England of the West".<ref>A Collection of Confusable Phrases By Yuri Dolgopolov page 309</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref>Sketches of Minnesota, the New England of the West. With incidents of travel in that territory during the summer of 1849. With a map by E. S. SEYMOUR page xii</ref><ref>Northern Lights: The Stories of Minnesota's Past By Dave Kenney, Hillary Wackman, Nancy O'Brien Wagner page 94</ref>
[[File:Dakota War of 1862-stereo-right.jpg|thumb|upright|Mixed Dakota-Europeans who were rescued by "non-hostile" Dakota. The girl in the foreground wrapped in the striped blanket is Elise Robertson, the sister of Thomas Robertson, a mixed blood who acted as an intermediary between the Dakota and the European-Americans during the [[Dakota War of 1862]]]]

Treaties between the U.S. government and the eastern Dakota and Ojibwe gradually forced the natives off their lands and onto [[Indian reservation|reservations]]. As conditions deteriorated for the eastern Dakota, tensions rose, leading to the [[Dakota War of 1862]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Kunnen-Jones |first=Marianne |title=Anniversary Volume Gives New Voice To Pioneer Accounts of Sioux Uprising |publisher=University of Cincinnati |date=August 21, 2002 |url=http://www.uc.edu/news/sioux.htm |access-date=June 6, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619085622/http://www.uc.edu/news/sioux.htm |archive-date=June 19, 2008 }}</ref> The conflict was ignited when four young Dakota men, searching for food, killed a family of white settlers on August 17. That night, a faction of [[Little Crow]]'s eastern Dakota decided to try to drive all settlers out of the Minnesota River valley. In the weeks that followed, Dakota warriors killed hundreds of settlers, causing thousands to flee the area.<ref name="anderson2019">Anderson, Gary Clayton (2019). ''Massacre in Minnesota: The Dakota War of 1862, the Most Violent Ethnic Conflict in American History.'' Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. P. 107 {{ISBN|978-0-8061-6434-2}}</ref> The six-week war ended with the defeat of the eastern Dakota and 2,000 in custody, who were eventually exiled to the [[Crow Creek Reservation]] by the [[Great Sioux Reservation]] in [[Dakota Territory]]. The remaining 4,500 to 5,000 Dakota mostly fled the state into [[Rupert's Land]].<ref name="Lass">{{cite book | last = Lass | first = William E. | title = Minnesota: A History | edition = 2nd | publisher = W.W. Norton & Company | location = New York, NY | year = 1998 | orig-date = 1977 | isbn = 978-0-393-04628-1 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/minnesotahistory0000lass_v7g8 }}</ref> As many as 800 settlers were killed during the war.<ref>Steil, Mark and Tim Post. [http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part4.shtml Hundreds of settlers killed in attacks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223010616/http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part4.shtml |date=February 23, 2018 }}. Minnesota Public Radio. September 26, 2002.</ref>

Minnesota Governor [[Alexander Ramsey]] subsequently declared that "the Sioux Indians of Minnesota must be exterminated or driven forever beyond the borders of the state"<ref>{{cite news|title=The controversial career of Minnesota's first territorial governor, Alexander Ramsey |work=MinnPost |first=Jayne |last=Becker |date=October 1, 2018 |url=https://www.minnpost.com/mnopedia/2018/10/the-controversial-career-of-minnesotas-first-territorial-governor-alexander-ramsey/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104233734/https://www.minnpost.com/mnopedia/2018/10/the-controversial-career-of-minnesotas-first-territorial-governor-alexander-ramsey/|archive-date=November 4, 2020}}</ref> and placed a bounty of $25/scalp on the heads of the eastern Dakota men. Over 1,600 eastern Dakota women, children, and elderly walked from the Lower Sioux Agency to [[Fort Snelling]] to be held until the spring thaw allowed riverboats to take them out of Minnesota to Crow Creek Indian Reservation.<ref name="aftermath">{{cite news|title=U.S.-Dakota War's aftermath a 'dark moment' in Fort Snelling history "work=Pioneer Press |first=Nick |last=Woltman |date=May 2019 |url=https://www.twincities.com/2019/05/04/u-s-dakota-wars-aftermath-a-dark-moment-in-fort-snelling-history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227171951/https://www.twincities.com/2019/05/04/u-s-dakota-wars-aftermath-a-dark-moment-in-fort-snelling-history/|archive-date=December 27, 2020}}</ref> [[William Crooks (colonel)|William Crooks]], commander of [[6th Minnesota Infantry Regiment|6th Minnesota]], had a [[palisade]] erected around the encampment on Pike Island, just below the fort, to protect native people from the soldiers and settlers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2012/12/11/dakota-war-part10 |access-date=September 21, 2020 |date=December 11, 2012 |first=John |last=Biewen |title=Part 10: Payback for the Dakota – banishment |publisher=[[Minnesota Public Radio]] |archive-date=December 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203234241/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2012/12/11/dakota-war-part10 |url-status=live }}</ref> Conditions there were poor and between 125 and 300 died of disease.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/forced-marches-imprisonment |title=Forced Marches & Imprisonment |work=The U.S.-Dakota War of 1862 |date=August 23, 2012 |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society |access-date=July 6, 2013 |archive-date=March 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320010318/http://www.usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/forced-marches-imprisonment |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bounty">Minnesota Bounties On Dakota Men During The US-Dakota War, Hamline University, C. Rotel, 2013,[https://open.mitchellhamline.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1261&context=facsch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922210952/http://open.mitchellhamline.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1261&context=facsch|date=September 22, 2017}}</ref> Around 400 Dakota men were tried after the war. 303 were sentenced to death, but [[Abraham Lincoln]] reviewed the convictions and approved 39 of the death sentences. In December 1862, 38 of them were hanged.<ref name="Lass"/>

In early 1863, Ramsey resigned as governor to become the Federal [[Indian Commissioner]]. His successor, Governor [[Henry Adoniram Swift|Henry Swift]], raised the bounty to $200/scalp. A total of $325 was paid out to four people collecting bounties, including for Little Crow who was killed in July 1863.<ref name="Bounty" /> Upon becoming Indian Commissioner, Ramsey set out to get Ojibwe lands too. In 1863 he negotiated the [[Treaty of Old Crossing]], whereby the Ojibwe ceded all their land in northern Minnesota and moved to reservations.

Logging, farming, and railroads were mainstays of Minnesota's early economy. The sawmills at Saint Anthony Falls and logging centers of [[Pine City, Minnesota|Pine City]], [[Marine on St. Croix, Minnesota|Marine on St. Croix]], [[Stillwater, Minnesota|Stillwater]], and [[Winona, Minnesota|Winona]] processed vast quantities of timber. These cities were on rivers that were ideal for transportation.<ref name="Lass" /> St. Anthony Falls was later tapped to provide power for flour mills. Innovations by Minneapolis millers led to the production of Minnesota "patent" flour, which commanded almost double the price of "bakers'" or "clear" flour which it replaced.<ref>{{cite web| last =Hazen| first =Theodore R.| title =New Process Milling of 1850–70| publisher =Pond Lily Mill Restorations| url =https://www.angelfire.com/journal/millrestoration/newprocess.html| access-date =May 11, 2007| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130619073151/http://www.angelfire.com/journal/millrestoration/newprocess.html| archive-date =June 19, 2013| url-status =live}}</ref> By 1900, Minnesota mills, led by [[Pillsbury Company|Pillsbury]], [[Northwestern Consolidated Milling Company|Northwestern]], and the Washburn-Crosby Company, an ancestor of [[General Mills]], were grinding 14.1% of the nation's grain.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Danbom, David B. |date=Spring 2003 | title = Flour Power: The Significance of Flour Milling at the Falls | journal = Minnesota History | volume = 58 | issue = 5 | pages = 271–285}}</ref>
[[File:Phelpsmill ottertailcounty.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Phelps Mill]] in [[Otter Tail County, Minnesota|Otter Tail County]]]]

The state's iron-mining industry was established with the discovery of iron in the [[Vermilion Range (Minnesota)|Vermilion]] and [[Mesabi Range|Mesabi]] ranges in the 1880s, followed by the [[Cuyuna Range]] in the early 1900s. The ore went by rail to [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]] and [[Two Harbors, Minnesota|Two Harbors]] for ship transport east via the [[Great Lakes]].<ref name="Lass" />

Industrial development and the rise of manufacturing caused the population to shift gradually from rural areas to cities during the early 20th century. Nevertheless, farming remained prevalent. Minnesota's economy was hit hard by the [[Great Depression]], resulting in lower prices for farmers, layoffs among iron miners, and labor unrest. Compounding the adversity, western Minnesota and the Dakotas were hit by drought from 1931 to 1935. [[New Deal]] programs provided some economic turnaround. The [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] and other programs around the state established some jobs for Indians on their reservations, and the [[Indian Reorganization Act]] of 1934 provided the tribes with a mechanism of self-government. This gave Natives a greater voice within the state and promoted more respect for tribal customs because religious ceremonies and [[native language]]s were no longer suppressed.<ref name="Gilman" />

After World War II, industrial development quickened. New technology increased farm productivity through automation of [[feedlot]]s for hogs and cattle, machine milking at dairy farms, and raising chickens in large buildings. Planting became more specialized, with [[hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] of corn and wheat, and farm machinery such as [[tractor]]s and [[combine harvester|combines]] became the norm. [[University of Minnesota]] professor [[Norman Borlaug]] contributed to these developments as part of the [[Green Revolution]].<ref name="Gilman" /> Increased mobility enabled more specialized jobs.<ref name="Gilman" />

Minnesota became a center of technology after World War II. [[Engineering Research Associates]] was formed in 1946 to develop computers for the [[United States Navy]]. It later merged with [[Remington Rand]], and then became [[Sperry Rand]]. [[William Norris (CEO)|William Norris]] left Sperry in 1957 to form [[Control Data Corporation]] (CDC).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hagley.lib.de.us/2015.htm |title=Engineering Research Associates Records 1946–1959 |publisher=Hagley Museum and Library |access-date=November 26, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622021939/http://www.hagley.lib.de.us/2015.htm |archive-date=June 22, 2006 }}</ref> [[Cray]] Research was formed when [[Seymour Cray]] left CDC to form his own company. Medical device maker [[Medtronic]] also started business in the Twin Cities in 1949. The nonprofit [[Mayo Clinic]], which was founded in 1864 in [[Rochester, Minnesota|Rochester]], grew to become one of the country's leading medical systems, and, by the 21st century, Minnesota's largest private employer.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fye |first=W. Bruce |date=2010 |title=PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS: The Origins and Evolution of the Mayo Clinic from 1864 to 1939: A Minnesota Family Practice Becomes an International "Medical Mecca" |journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=323–357 |doi=10.1353/bhm.2010.0019 |issn=0007-5140 |jstor=44448967 |pmid=21037395 |s2cid=44839983}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoff |first=Jennifer |date=May 10, 2023 |title=Mayo Clinic, legislature standoff could lead to economic hit on Minnesota |url=https://www.kare11.com/article/news/local/mayo-clinic-legislature-standoff-could-lead-to-economic-hit-minnesota/89-665fda3f-3c47-41a4-b5c0-511907eb7255 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=kare11.com |language=en-US |archive-date=October 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026185320/https://www.kare11.com/article/news/local/mayo-clinic-legislature-standoff-could-lead-to-economic-hit-minnesota/89-665fda3f-3c47-41a4-b5c0-511907eb7255 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1957, the legislature created a planning commission for the Twin Cities metropolitan area, which became the [[Metropolitan Council (Minnesota)|Metropolitan Council]] in 1967.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Gilman |first=Rhoda R. |title=The Story of Minnesota's Past |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society |year=1991 |isbn=0-87351-267-7 |location=Saint Paul, Minnesota}}</ref> In 1971, under Governor [[Wendell R. Anderson|Wendell Anderson]], a series of legislation called the "Minnesota Miracle" led to a broad reform in financing of Minnesota public schools and local governments that created a fairer distribution in taxation and education.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Berg |first=Tom |title=Minnesota's miracle: learning from the government that worked |date=2012 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-8053-5 |location=Minneapolis, MN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kenney |first1=Dave |title=Minnesota in the 70s |last2=Saylor |first2=Thomas |date=2013 |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society Press |isbn=978-0-87351-900-7 |location=St. Paul, MN}}</ref> Two postwar Minnesota governors, former dentist [[Rudy Perpich]] and former professional wrestler [[Jesse Ventura]], attracted national attention for their unconventional manner, but both enjoyed some popularity within the state.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> After a period of mostly divided government during the 21st century, the DFL ([[Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party|Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party]]) gained control of all three branches of Minnesota's government and passed significant reforms in the [[93rd Minnesota Legislature|2023 legislative session]], moving the state in a progressive direction.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last1=Bierschbach |first1=Briana |last2=Van Berkel |first2=Jessie |date=May 20, 2023 |title=Minnesota Legislature wrapping work on one of the most consequential sessions in state history |url=https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-legislature-wraps-work-on-one-of-the-most-consequential-sessions-in-state-history-tax/600276542/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521043216/https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-legislature-wraps-work-on-one-of-the-most-consequential-sessions-in-state-history-tax/600276542/ |archive-date=May 21, 2023 |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=Star Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Berg |first=Tom |date=May 24, 2023 |title=Minnesota Miracle 2.0? Not quite, but close enough. |url=https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-miracle-2-0-not-quite-but-close-enough/600277536/ |access-date=June 18, 2023 |website=Star Tribune |archive-date=June 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618015110/https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-miracle-2-0-not-quite-but-close-enough/600277536/ |url-status=live }}</ref>