Editing Mindanao (section)

==History==
===Prehistory===

[[File:Filippine, provincia di agusan, immagine hindu, statuetta in oro massiccio, xiii secolo.jpg|thumb|right|The 21-karat gold [[Agusan image]] statue (900–950 CE) discovered in 1917 on the banks of the [[Wawa River (Agusan del Sur)|Wawa River]] near [[Esperanza, Agusan del Sur]]]]

[[File:Krieger 1926 Philippine ethnic weapons Plate 20.png|thumb|A 1926 photograph of Bagobo (Manobo) warriors]]

Archaeological findings on the island point to evidence of human activity dating back about ten thousand years. Around 1500 BC, [[Austronesian people]] spread throughout the Philippines.

The [[Subanen people|Subanon]] are believed to have settled in the [[Zamboanga Peninsula]] during the [[Neolithic]] era c. 4500–2000 BC.{{clarify|date=June 2015}}<!--What's the reason for this date range that is substantially different from 10,000 BC?--><ref name="Subanon History">{{Cite web |title=The History of Subanon since the Neolithic Era or Stone Age |url=http://subanon.net/the-history-of-Subanon-since-the-Neolithic-Era-or-stone-age |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109153806/http://subanon.net/the-history-of-Subanon-since-the-Neolithic-Era-or-stone-age |archive-date=November 9, 2013 |access-date=November 8, 2013 |website=Subanon Territories}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=December 2021}} Evidence of stone tools in [[Zamboanga del Norte]] may indicate a late [[Neolithic]] presence. Ceramic burial jars, both unglazed and glazed, Chinese [[celadon]]s, gold ornaments, beads, and bracelets have been found in caves. Many of the ceramic objects are from the [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]] and [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] periods. Evidently, there was a long history of trade between the Subanon and the Chinese.

===Rajahnates and Hindu-Buddhism===
[[File:Spanish map of Mindanao.jpg|thumb|An old Spanish map of Mindanao island.]]

In the [[History of the Philippines (900–1521)|classic epoch]] of Philippine history (900 AD onwards), the people of Mindanao were heavily exposed to [[Hindu]] and [[Buddhist]] influence and beliefs from Indonesia and Malaysia. Indianized [[abugida]] scripts such as [[Kawi alphabet|Kawi]] and [[baybayin]] were introduced from Java and an extinct intermediate from Sulawesi or Borneo respectively. Cultural icons of the [[sarong]] (known as ''[[malong]]'' or ''patadyong''), the ''pudong'' [[turban]], [[silk]], and [[batik]] and [[ikat]] weaving and dyeing methods were introduced. Artifacts found from this era include a golden [[kinnara]], a [[Agusan image|golden image believed by some to be a Tara]], and a [[Ganesha]] pendant. These cultural traits passed from Mindanao into the [[Visayas]] and [[Luzon]], but were subsequently lost or heavily modified after the Spanish arrival in the 16th century.

Hindu-Buddhist cultural influence took root in the coastal settlements, syncretizing with indigenous [[animist]] beliefs and customs among the tribes of the interior. The [[Rajahnate of Butuan|Butuan Rajahnate]], a Hinduized kingdom mentioned in Chinese records as a tributary state in the 10th century, was concentrated along the northeastern coast of [[Butuan Bay]].<ref name="slate">{{Cite web |last=Koerner |first=Brendan I. |date=January 28, 2005 |title=How Islam got to the Philippines |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2112795/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907221645/http://www.slate.com/id/2112795/ |archive-date=September 7, 2011 |access-date=October 4, 2009 |website=Slate}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=April 2020}} The Rajahnate of [[Sanmalan]] in Zamboanga, was also in Mindanao. The ''[[Darangen]]'' epic of the Maranao people harkens back to this era as the most complete local version of the ''[[Ramayana]]''. The Maguindanao at this time also had strong Hindu beliefs, evidenced by the Ladya Lawana (Rajah [[Ravana]]) epic saga that survives to the present, albeit highly Islamized from the 17th century onward.

===Sultanates and Islam===
{{more citations needed section|date=August 2020}}

[[File:Moro Sultanates (Philippines).png|thumb|Approximate historical extent of the Muslim sultanates of [[Sultanate of Sulu|Sulu]], [[Sultanate of Maguindanao|Maguindanao]] and Lanao in the 19th century]]

The spread of Islam in the Philippines began in the 14th century, mostly through the influence of Muslim merchants from the western [[Malay Archipelago]]. The first [[mosque]] in the Philippines was built in the mid-14th century in the town of [[Simunul]], [[Tawi-Tawi]].<ref name="slate" /> Around the 16th century, the Muslim sultanates of [[Sultanate of Sulu|Sulu]], [[Confederate States of Lanao|Lanao]] and [[Sultanate of Maguindanao|Maguindanao]] were established from formerly Hindu-Buddhist rajahnates.

As Islam colonised Mindanao, the natives of the sultanates had to either convert to Islam or pay tribute to their new Muslim rulers. The largest of the Muslim polities in mainland Mindanao was the [[Sultanate of Maguindanao]], which controlled the southern floodplains of the [[Rio Grande de Mindanao]] and most of the coastal area of [[Illana Bay]], [[Moro Gulf]], [[Sarangani Bay]] and [[Davao Gulf]]. The name Mindanao was derived from this sultanate. But most of Mindanao remained animist, especially the [[Lumad people]] in the interior. Most of the northern, eastern, and southern coastal regions inhabited by [[Visayans]] ([[Surigaonon people|Surigaonon]] and [[Butuanon people|Butuanon]]) and other groups were later converted to Christianity by the Spanish. Mindanao was then embroiled between a conflict with the Boholano (Visayan) [[Dapitan Kingdom]] and the Moluccan [[Sultanate of Ternate]]. Dapitan which was originally at Bohol was destroyed by an expeditionary force from the Ternate Sultanate and Dapitenyos were forced to relocate to Northern Mindanao where they waged war against the Sultanate of Lanao and established a new Dapitan there.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Catubig |first=Jonathan B. |date=2003 |title=Dapitan Kingdom: A Historical Study on the Bisayan Migration and Settlement in Mindanao, circa 1563 |url=https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=5227 |journal=The Journal of History |volume=49 |issue=1–4 |page=144 |quote=The Ternatan king planned a retaliatory attack against the Boholanos. He succeeded with his plans by covertly sending his twenty ''joangas'' to Bohol one by one deceitfully saying that "they are traders attending only to the sale of their goods"}}</ref> Mindanaoans then spread out of Mindanao across Southeast Asia, Historian William Henry Scott, quoting the Portuguese manuscript Summa Orientalis, noted that [[Mottama]] in [[Burma]] (Myanmar) had a large presence of merchants from Mindanao.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scott |first=William Henry |date=1989 |title=The Mediterranean Connection |url=http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1122/6410 |journal=Philippine Studies |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=131–144|doi=10.13185/2244-1638.1337 }} Quoting from; Cortes 30, Suma, pp. 376–77, and 362.</ref>

===Spanish colonization and Christianity===
{{See also|Spanish–Moro conflict}}
[[File:Christian Filipinos under Spanish army in Mindanao in their battle against the Moro Muslim, circa 1887.jpg|thumb|[[Christianity in the Philippines|Christian]] [[Filipinos]], who served under the Spanish Army, searching for [[Moro people|Moro]] rebels during the [[Spanish–Moro conflict]], c. 1887. The insurgency in Mindanao can be traced to the early 16th century.]]
[[File:Two Spanish missionaries baptise a Moro convert to Roman Catholic, circa 1890.jpg|thumb|Two Spanish missionaries [[baptism|baptizing]] a Moro convert to [[Catholicism]], circa 1890.]]
In 1521 Antonio Pigafetta wrote an account of reaching 'Maingdano.' He was with Magellan on the first circumnavigation of the globe and sailing for the king of Spain.<ref>Magellan's Voyage, Antonio Pigafetta. Chapter XXXIV</ref>

On February 2, 1543, [[Ruy López de Villalobos]] was the first Spaniard to reach Mindanao.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruy Lopez de Villalobos Begun His Expedition to the Philippines |url=https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/721/today-in-philippine-history-november-1-1542-ruy-lopez-de-villalobos-started-his-expedition-to-the-philippines |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705132421/https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/721/today-in-philippine-history-november-1-1542-ruy-lopez-de-villalobos-started-his-expedition-to-the-philippines |archive-date=July 5, 2017 |access-date=July 11, 2017 |website=The Kahimyang Project|date=November 2011 }}</ref> He called the island ''"Caesarea Caroli"'' after Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire (and I of Spain). Shortly after Spain's colonization of Cebu, it moved on to colonize the [[Caraga]] region in northeast Mindanao and discovered significant Muslim presence on the island. Over time a number of tribes in Mindanao converted to Catholicism and built settlements and forts throughout the coastal regions. These settlements endured despite attacks from neighboring Muslim sultanates. The most heavily fortified of them, apart from a short period in 1662 when Spain sent soldiers from the city to Manila after a threat of invasion from the Chinese general [[Koxinga]], was [[Zamboanga City]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Zamboanga City History |url=https://www.zamboanga.com/history/history_zamboanga.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604104713/http://www.zamboanga.com/history/history_zamboanga.htm |archive-date=June 4, 2017 |access-date=July 11, 2017 |website=Zamboanga.com}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|certain=y|date=August 2020}} which was settled by soldiers from Peru and Mexico.<ref name="Peru">[http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm "SECOND BOOK OF THE SECOND PART OF THE CONQUESTS OF THE FILIPINAS ISLANDS, AND CHRONICLE OF THE RELIGIOUS OF OUR FATHER, ST. AUGUSTINE"] (Zamboanga City History)
"He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reënforcements of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom."</ref> The sultanates resisted Spanish pressure and attempts to convert them to Christianity during this period.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abubakar |first=Carmen A. |date=September 1, 2003 |title=Mindanao: A Miniature History |url=https://mondediplo.com/2003/09/05abubakar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930070806/https://mondediplo.com/2003/09/05abubakar |archive-date=September 30, 2020 |access-date=September 16, 2020 |website=[[Le Monde diplomatique]] |language=en}}</ref> The [[Sultanate of Ternate]] of the Maluku Islands formed a close alliance with the sultanates of Mindanao, especially [[Sultanate of Maguindanao|Maguindanao]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sordilla |first=Shane Patrick |title=Maguindanao and Ternate Connection and Disconnection During the Age of European Colonization: An Overview |url=https://www.academia.edu/38617032 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411182827/https://www.academia.edu/38617032/MAGUINDANAO_AND_TERNATE_CONNECTION_AND_DISCONNECTION_DURING_THE_AGE_OF_EUROPEAN_COLONIZATION_AN_OVERVIEW |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |access-date=April 11, 2021 |via=Academia.edu}}</ref> Ternate regularly sent military reinforcements to Mindanao to assist the local sultanates in their war against Spanish-controlled Manila.<ref name="GuerreroNakpil2003">{{Cite web |last=Nakpil |first=Carmen Guerrero |date=October 29, 2003 |title=Carmen Nakpil: Manila Under the Muslims |url=http://www.newsflash.org/2003/05/ht/ht003845.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304015113/http://www.newsflash.org/2003/05/ht/ht003845.htm |archive-date=March 4, 2009 |access-date=December 5, 2008 |website=Philippine Headline News Online}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=December 2021}}

By the late 18th century Spain had geographic dominance over the island, having established settlements and forts in most of Mindanao, including [[Zamboanga City]] and [[Misamis Occidental]] to the northwest, [[Iligan|Iligan City]], [[Misamis Oriental]], [[Bukidnon]], and [[Camiguin#Spanish colonial era|Camiguin Island]] to the north, [[Surigao City|Surigao]] and Agusan in the [[Caraga#History|Caraga]] region to the east, and [[Davao City|Davao]] in the island's gulf coast. Spain continued to engage in battles with Muslim sultanates until the end of the 19th century.<ref name=":0" />

At the same time as the Philippine revolution against Spain, the [[Republic of Zamboanga]] rose as a revolutionary state in Mindanao before it was absorbed by the oncoming Americans.

===American occupation and Philippine Commonwealth===
{{See also|Moro Rebellion}}
In the [[Treaty of Paris in 1898]] Spain sold the entire Philippine archipelago to the United States for $20 million. The [[Treaty of Washington (1900)|1900 Treaty of Washington]] and the [[Convention Between the United States and Great Britain (1930)|1930 Convention Between the United States and Great Britain]] clarified the borders between Mindanao and Borneo.

In early 1900s the Commonwealth government (led by Americans) encouraged citizens from Luzon and Visayas to migrate to Mindanao. Consisting mostly of [[Ilocano people|Ilocanos]], Cebuanos, and [[Hiligaynon people|Ilonggos]]. Settlers streaming into [[Soccsksargen]] led to the displacement of the [[Blaan people|Blaan]] and [[Tboli people|Tboli]] tribes.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

===World War II===
In April 1942 Mindanao, along with the rest of the Philippines, officially entered [[World War II]] after [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] soldiers invaded key cities in the islands.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chen |first=C. Peter |date=2006 |title=Invasion of the Philippine Islands |work=World War II Database |url=http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=46 |access-date=July 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717140040/http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=46 |archive-date=July 17, 2017}}</ref> Many towns and cities were burned to the ground in Mindanao, most notably Davao City, Zamboanga City, Lanao, Cagayan de Oro, Iligan City, and Butuan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=During the Japanese Period |url=http://www.iligan.gov.ph/about-iligan/history/during-the-japanese-period/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711003942/http://www.iligan.gov.ph/about-iligan/history/during-the-japanese-period/ |archive-date=July 11, 2017 |access-date=July 12, 2017 |website=Iligan City Government|date=November 22, 2012 }}</ref> In the months of April and May 1942, Japanese forces defeated US troops commanded by [[William F. Sharp]] and [[Guy Fort]], in a battle that started at [[Malabang, Lanao del Sur|Malabang]] (a town close to [[Lanao del Sur|Gandamatu Macadar, Lanao]]) and ended close to the town of [[Ganassi, Lanao del Sur|Ganassi, Lanao]]. Davao City was among the earliest to be occupied by the invading Japanese forces. They immediately fortified the city as a bastion of the Japanese defense system.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

Davao City was subjected by the returning forces of Gen. [[Douglas MacArthur]] to constant bombing before the American Liberation Forces landed in [[Leyte]] in October 1944.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Schmidt |first=Larry |title=American Involvement in the Filipino Resistance Movement on Mindanao During the Japanese Occupation, 1942–1945 |date=1982 |degree=Master's |publisher=U.S. Army Command and General Staff College |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/b068659.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=May 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508043005/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/b068659.pdf}}</ref> Filipino soldiers and local [[Wendell Fertig|guerrilla]] fighters were actively fighting Japanese forces until liberation at the conclusion of the [[Battle of Mindanao]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Clark |date=April 3, 1942 |title=Most of Philippines Still Free of Invading Japanese |page=7 |work=St. Joseph Gazette |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rNZeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BFMNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1233,4394025&hl=en |via=news.google.com}}</ref>

=== Postwar era and Philippine independence ===
Mindanao was peaceful and increasingly progressive in the postwar period, including the 1950s and the mid-1960s. Ethnic tensions were minimal, and there was essentially no presence of secessionists groups in Mindanao.<ref name="MiclatinArguillas">{{Cite book |last=Miclat |first=Gus |title=Turning Rage Into Courage: Mindanao Under Martial Law |date=2002 |publisher=MindaNews Publications, Mindanao News and Information Cooperative Center |editor-last=Arguillas |editor-first=Carolyn O. |chapter=Our Lives Were Never the Same Again |oclc=644320116}}</ref>

=== Marcos era (1965–1986) ===
{{main|Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|Ilaga|Jabidah massacre|Moro conflict}}
Under [[Ferdinand Marcos]]'s administration, Christian groups began to settle in Mindanao, displacing many locals. The population boom resulted in conflicts as the original owners sought their ancestral land domains.<ref>See {{Cite book |last=Francia |first=Luis H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwQoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT202 |title=History of the Philippines: From Indios Bravos to Filipinos |date=2013 |publisher=Overlook Press |isbn=978-1-4683-1545-5 |location=New York}}</ref><ref>For an in-depth survey of indigenous peoples and forced land seizures in the Philippines, see {{Cite web |last=Eder |first=James F. |date=June 1994 |title=Indigenous Peoples, Ancestral Lands and Human Rights in the Philippines |url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/indigenous-peoples-ancestral-lands-and-human-rights |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222221421/https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/indigenous-peoples-ancestral-lands-and-human-rights |archive-date=December 22, 2018 |website=Cultural Survival Quarterly}}</ref>

The [[Presidency of Ferdinand Marcos|Marcos administration]] encouraged new settlers who had emigrated to Mindanao to form a militia, which was eventually called the [[Ilaga]]. Anecdotal evidence states that the Ilaga often committed human rights abuses by targeting the [[Moro people|Moro]] and [[Lumad]] people, as well as attempting to seize additional territory. It resulted in a lingering animosity between Moro and Christian communities. Mistrust and a cycle of violence are still felt today due to the creation of the Ilaga.<ref name="Case">{{Citation |title=The Bangsamoro Struggle for Self-Determintation: A Case Study |url=http://manoa.hawaii.edu/ccpv/assets/docs/CCPV%20-%20The%20Bangsamoro%20Struggle%20for%20Self-Determination%20-%20A%20Case%20Study%20-%20By%20Caecilia%20Noble.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215025250/http://manoa.hawaii.edu/ccpv/assets/docs/CCPV%20-%20The%20Bangsamoro%20Struggle%20for%20Self-Determination%20-%20A%20Case%20Study%20-%20By%20Caecilia%20Noble.pdf |access-date=September 25, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2017 |mode=cs1 |url-status=live |via=manoa.hawaii.edu}}</ref><ref name="Mackerras 2003">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mi6DAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 |title=Ethnicity in Asia |date=2004 |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |isbn=0-203-38046-0 |editor-last=Mackerras |editor-first=Colin |location=London |page=143}}</ref>

The [[Jabidah massacre]] in 1968 is commonly cited as the major flashpoint that ignited the Moro insurgency, and the ensuing ethnic tensions led to the formation of secessionist movements,<ref>{{Cite book |last=George |first=T. J. S. |title=Revolt in Mindanao: The Rise of Islam in Philippine Politics |date=1980 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-580429-5 |location=Kuala Lumpur |oclc=6569089}}</ref> such as the [[Muslim Independence Movement]] and the [[Bangsamoro Liberation Organization]]. These movements were largely political in nature, but the prohibition of political parties after Marcos' 1972 declaration of Martial Law led to the founding and dominance of armed groups such as the [[Moro National Liberation Front]] (MNLF), and the [[Moro Islamic Liberation Front]] (MILF).<ref name="Mackerras 2003" /> Ethnic conflicts continued to escalate, leading to incidents like the [[Manili massacre|1971 Manili massacre]], the [[Pata Island massacre]], and the [[Palimbang massacre]].<ref name="Mackerras 2003" />

Additionally, an economic crisis in late 1969 led to social unrest throughout the country, and violent crackdowns on protests led to the radicalization of many students,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rodis |first=Rodel |date=January 30, 2015 |title=Remembering the First Quarter Storm |work=Inquirer.net |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/118130/remembering-the-first-quarter-storm |url-status=live |access-date=September 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131131959/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/118130/remembering-the-first-quarter-storm/ |archive-date=January 31, 2015}}</ref> with some joining the [[New People's Army]], bringing the  [[New People's Army rebellion]] to Mindanao for the first time.<ref name="MiclatinArguillas" />

Marcos' declaration led to the shuttering of press outlets – television stations, national newspapers, weekly magazines, community newspapers, and radio stations – throughout the country, including in Mindanao.<ref name="GazetteMLInfographic">{{cite web |url=http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph:80/featured/infographic-day-marcos-declared-martial-law-september-23-1972/ |title=Infographic: The day Marcos declared Martial Law |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911040256/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/infographic-day-marcos-declared-martial-law-september-23-1972/ |archive-date=September 11, 2017  |access-date=October 26, 2018 }}</ref> The remaining years of the Marcos dictatorship led to the killings of many Mindanao journalists, with prominent examples being [[Alex Orcullo]] of ''Mindanao Currents'' and ''Mindaweek'',<ref name="BantayogProfileOrcullo">{{Cite news |url=http://www.bantayog.org/orcullo-alexander-l/ |title=ORCULLO, Alexander L. – Bantayog ng mga Bayani |date=March 6, 2016 |work=Bantayog ng mga Bayani |access-date=October 31, 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=November 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101015419/http://www.bantayog.org/orcullo-alexander-l/  }}</ref><ref name="HowieSeverino20170225">{{Cite video |title=iWitness: Sino si Alex Orcullo? At Ano ang Kontribusyon niya sa People Power sa Davao? |date=February 25, 2017 |last=Severino |first=Howie |type=TV Documentary |language=Filipino|publisher=[[GMA News and Public Affairs]]}}</ref> and [[Jacobo Amatong]] of the ''Mindanao Observer''.<ref name="BantayogProfileAmatong">{{Cite web |date=October 11, 2015 |title=MARTYRS & HEROES: Amatong, Jacobo S. |url=http://www.bantayog.org/amatong-jacobo-s/ |access-date=March 4, 2021 |website=Bantayog ng mga Bayani |language=en-US |archive-date=June 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616021217/https://www.bantayog.org/amatong-jacobo-s/  }}</ref><ref name="Maslog1993">{{Cite book |last=Maslog |first=Crispin C. |title=The rise and fall of Philippine community newspapers |publisher=Published by the Philippine Press Institute with funding from Konrad Adenauer Foundation |year=1993 |isbn=971-8703-09-8 |location=Intramuros, Manila |oclc=29830136}}</ref>

=== Fifth Republic (1986–present) ===
{{Update section|date=October 2019}}
In 1989, the [[Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao]] (ARMM) was established, constituted by several provinces in Western Mindanao.

In March 2000, President [[Joseph Estrada]] declared an "All Out War" against the MILF after it committed a series of terrorist attacks on government buildings, civilians, and foreigners. A number of livelihood intervention projects, from organisations such as [[United States Agency for International Development|USAID]] and the Emergency Livelihood Assistance Program (ELAP), aided in the reconstruction of areas affected by constant battles on the island.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santillan |first=Karina R. |date=2015 |title=Livelihoods for Women in Mindanao: A Post-Conflict Reconstruction Approach |journal=[[Asian Journal of Women's Studies]] |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=19–39 |doi=10.1080/12259276.2015.1029232 |s2cid=153206038}}</ref>

In December 2009, President [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]] officially placed [[Maguindanao]] under a state of martial law following the [[Maguindanao massacre]].

On September 9, 2013, an [[Zamboanga City crisis|MNLF faction attempted to raise the flag]] of a self-proclaimed Bangsamoro Republik at [[Zamboanga City Hall]] in an armed incursion into parts of the city.

On January 25, 2015, [[Mamasapano clash|a shootout took place]] during a police operation by the Special Action Force (SAF) of the Philippine National Police (PNP) in Tukanalipao, Mamasapano, Maguindanao. The operation, codenamed Oplan Exodus, was intended to capture or kill wanted Malaysian terrorist and bomb-maker Zulkifli Abdhir and other Malaysian terrorists or high-ranking members of the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF).

[[File:Lanao sultans.jpg|thumb|Lanao sultans making an open letter to Duterte urging for the quick resolution of the Marawi crisis]]
In May 2017, President [[Rodrigo Duterte]] declared martial law on the entire island group of Mindanao following the [[Marawi crisis|Marawi siege]] by the [[Maute group|Maute]] terrorist group.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 24, 2017 |title=Duterte Declares Martial Law in Mindanao, Cuts Short Russia Trip Moscow, Russia |url=https://pcoo.gov.ph/duterte-declares-martial-law-in-mindanao-cuts-short-russia-trip%E2%80%A8%E2%80%A8-moscow-russia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124062454/https://pcoo.gov.ph/duterte-declares-martial-law-in-mindanao-cuts-short-russia-trip%E2%80%A8%E2%80%A8-moscow-russia/ |archive-date=January 24, 2020 |access-date=August 5, 2020 |website=Presidential Communications Operations Office}}</ref> More than 180,000 people were forced to evacuate [[Marawi|Marawi City]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Unson |first=John |date=June 13, 2017 |title=ARMM: More than 183,500 Displaced by Marawi Crisis |work=Philstar.com |url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/06/13/1709614/armm-more-183500-displaced-marawi-crisis |access-date=July 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711080219/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/06/13/1709614/armm-more-183500-displaced-marawi-crisis |archive-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref> Around 165 security forces and 47 residents were confirmed killed in the battle, although Marawi residents believe the number of civilians killed was far higher. The official death toll in the five-month conflict is 1,109, most of which were members of a militant alliance which drew fighters from radical factions of domestic Islamist groups.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Morales |first=Neil Jerome |date=May 23, 2018 |title=A Year After Siege, Marawi Families Seek Closure |work=ABS-CBN News |agency=Reuters |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/05/23/18/a-year-after-siege-marawi-families-seek-closure |access-date=August 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523180447/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/05/23/18/a-year-after-siege-marawi-families-seek-closure |archive-date=May 23, 2018}}</ref>

In 2019, the [[Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao]] was established, replacing the former ARMM.

In 2024, former President [[Rodrigo Duterte]] called for Mindanao to secede from the Philippines,<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2024-02-05 |title=Philippines says it is ready to use force to quell secession attempts as Duterte row deepens |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/05/philippines-secession-attempts-force-mindanao-president-ferdinand-marcos-jr-alliance |access-date=2024-02-08 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> reviving the movement started by congressman [[Pantaleon Alvarez]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Panganiban-Perez |first1=Tina |title=Alvarez 'thanks' Romualdez over renewed calls for Mindanao independence |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/895976/alvarez-thanks-romualdez-over-renewed-calls-for-mindanao-independence/story/ |access-date=31 January 2024 |work=GMA News |date=31 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>