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==History== [[File:Flag of Minang.svg|thumb|Tricolour (''[[Marawa Minangkabau|marawa]]'') of Minangkabau]] The [[Minangkabau language]] is a member of the [[Austronesian language]] family, and is closest to the [[Malay language]], though when the two languages split from a common ancestor and the precise historical relationship between Malay and Minangkabau culture is not known. Until the 20th century the majority of the Sumatran population lived in the highlands. The highlands are well suited for human habitation, with plentiful fresh water, fertile soil, a cool climate, and valuable commodities. It is probable that [[paddy field|wet rice cultivation]] evolved in the [[Minangkabau Highlands]] long before it appeared in other parts of Sumatra, and predates significant foreign contact.<ref name="Miksic2004">{{cite journal| title=From megaliths to tombstones: the transition from pre-history to early Islamic period in highland West Sumatra.| year=2004| journal=Indonesia and the Malay World| volume=32| issue=93| last=Miksic| first=John| doi=10.1080/1363981042000320134| pages=191–210| s2cid=214651183}}</ref> [[Adityawarman]], a follower of [[Tantric Buddhism]] with ties to the [[Singhasari]] and [[Majapahit]] kingdoms of Java, is believed to have founded a kingdom in the Minangkabau highlands at [[Pagaruyung]] and ruled between 1347 and 1375.<ref name=Coedes>{{cite book|last= Coedès|first= George|author-link= George Coedès|editor= Walter F. Vella|others= trans.Susan Brown Cowing|title= The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|year= 1968|publisher= University of Hawaii Press|isbn= 978-0-8248-0368-1}}</ref>{{rp|232}} The establishment of a royal system seems to have involved conflict and violence, eventually leading to a division of villages into one of two systems of tradition, ''[[Bodi-Caniago system]]'' based on [[Adat Perpatih]] and ''[[Koto-Piliang system]]'' based on [[Adat Temenggung]], the latter having overt allegiances to royalty.<ref name="Dobbin1977"/> By the 16th century, the time of the next report after the reign of Adityawarman, royal power had been split into three recognised reigning kings. They were the King of the World (''Raja Alam''), the King of Adat (''Raja Adat''), and the King of Religion (''Raja Ibadat''), and collectively they were known as the Kings of the Three Seats (''Rajo Tigo Selo'').<ref name="Abdullah1966">{{cite journal| title=Adat and Islam: An Examination of Conflict in Minangkabau| last=Abdullah| first=Taufik| doi=10.2307/3350753|date=October 1966| volume=2| issue=2| pages=1–24| journal=Indonesia| jstor=3350753| publisher=Indonesia, Vol. 2| hdl=1813/53394| hdl-access=free}}</ref> The Minangkabau kings were charismatic or magical figures, but did not have much authority over the conduct of village affairs.<ref name="Dobbin1977"/><ref>{{cite book| title=An Indonesian Frontier: Acehnese and Other Histories of Sumatra| last=Reid| first=Anthony| isbn=9971-69-298-8| year=2005 |publisher=National University of Singapore Press}}</ref> [[File:Portret van Tuanku Imam Bonjol.jpg|right|thumb|upright|[[Tuanku Imam Bonjol]], a leader in the [[Padri War]]]] Around the 16th century, the Minangkabau [[Islam in West Sumatra#History|started to convert to Islam]]. The first contact between the Minangkabau and western nations occurred with the 1529 voyage of [[Jean Parmentier (explorer)|Jean Parmentier]] to Sumatra. The [[Dutch East India Company]] first acquired gold at [[Pariaman]] in 1651, but later moved south to [[Padang, Indonesia|Padang]] to avoid interference from the Acehnese occupiers. In 1663 the Dutch agreed to protect and liberate local villages from the Acehnese in return for a trading monopoly, and as a result setup trading posts at [[Painan]] and [[Padang, Indonesia|Padang]]. Until early in the 19th century the Dutch remained content with their coastal trade of gold and produce, and made no attempt to visit the Minangkabau highlands. As a result of conflict in Europe, the British occupied Padang from 1781 to 1784 during the [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]], and again from 1795 to 1819 during the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. Late in the 18th century the gold supply which provided the economic base for Minangkabau royalty began to be exhausted. Around the same time other parts of the Minangkabau economy had a period of unparalleled expansion as new opportunities for the export of agricultural commodities arose, particularly with coffee which was in very high demand. A civil war started in 1803 with the ''Padri'' fundamentalist Islamic group in conflict with the traditional syncretic groups, elite families and Pagaruyung royals. As a result of a treaty with a number of penghulu and representatives of the Minangkabau royal family, Dutch forces made their first attack on a Padri village in April 1821.<ref name="Dobbin1977">{{cite journal| title=Economic change in Minangkabau as a factor in the rise of the Padri movement, 1784–1830| last=Dobbin| first=Christine| year=1977| journal=Indonesia| volume=23| issue=1| pages=1–38|doi=10.2307/3350883| jstor=3350883| publisher=Indonesia, Vol. 23| hdl=1813/53633| hdl-access=free}}</ref> The first phase of the war ended in 1825 when the Dutch signed an agreement with the Padri leader [[Tuanku Imam Bonjol]] to halt hostilities, allowing them to redeploy their forces to fight the [[Java War]]. When fighting resumed in 1832, the reinforced Dutch troops were able to more effectively attack the Padri. The main centre of resistance was captured in 1837, Tuanku Imam Bonjol was captured and exiled soon after, and by the end of the next year the war was effectively over. [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Adathoofden van de Minangkabau met gevolg TMnr 10026889.jpg|thumb|right|Minangkabau chiefs, picture taken between 1910 and 1930]] With the Minangkabau territories now under the control of the Dutch, transportation systems were improved and economic exploitation was intensified. New forms of education were introduced, allowing some Minangkabau to take advantage of a modern education system. The 20th century marked a rise and cultural and political nationalism, culminating in the demand for Indonesian independence. Later rebellions against the Dutch occupation occurred such as the 1908 Anti-Tax Rebellion and the 1927 Communist uprising. During World War II the Minangkabau territories were occupied by the Japanese, and when the Japanese surrendered in August 1945 Indonesia proclaimed independence. The Dutch attempts to regain control of the area were ultimately unsuccessful and in 1949 the Minangkabau territories became part of Indonesia as the province of Central Sumatra. In February 1958, dissatisfaction with the centralist and communist-leaning policies of the [[Sukarno]] administration triggered a revolt which was centred in the Minangkabau region of Sumatra, with rebels proclaiming the [[Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indonesia|Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia]] (PRRI) in [[Bukittinggi]]. The Indonesian military invaded West Sumatra in April 1958 and had recaptured major towns within the next month. A period of guerrilla warfare ensued, but most rebels had surrendered by August 1961. In the years following, West Sumatra was like an occupied territory with Javanese officials occupying most senior civilian, military and police positions.<ref>Kahin (1999), pages 165–229</ref> The policies of centralisation continued under the [[Suharto]] regime. The national government legislated to apply the Javanese ''desa'' village system throughout Indonesia, and in 1983 the traditional Minangkabau ''[[nagari (settlement)|nagari]]'' village units were split into smaller ''jorong'' units, thereby destroying the traditional village social and cultural institutions.<ref>Kahin (1999), pages 257–261</ref> In the years following the downfall of the Suharto regime decentralisation policies were implemented, giving more autonomy to provinces, thereby allowing West Sumatra to reinstitute the ''nagari'' system.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,101393,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516142002/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,101393,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 May 2007 |title=Success Story |access-date=8 October 2007 |last=Tedjasukmana |first=Jason |publisher=Time Inc. | date=12 March 2001}}</ref>
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