Editing Mikhail Lomonosov (section)

==Education==
[[File:Lomonosov-house marburg1.jpg|thumb|upright|The Lomonosov house in [[Marburg]], Germany]]
In 1730, determined to "study sciences," the 19-year-old Lomonosov walked all the way to [[Moscow]].{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=15}} Shortly after arrival, he was admitted into the [[Slavic Greek Latin Academy]] by falsely claiming to be a son of a Kholmogory nobleman.{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=16}} In 1734 that initial falsehood, as well as another lie that he was the son of a priest, nearly got him expelled from the academy, but the investigation ended without severe consequences.{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=20}}

Lomonosov lived on three [[kopeck]]s a day, eating only black bread and [[kvass]], but he made rapid progress scholastically.{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=17}} It is believed that in 1735, after three years in Moscow he was sent to [[Kiev]]<!--Do not change per WP:KYIV--> to study for short period at the [[National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy|Kiev Academy]]. He quickly became dissatisfied with the education he was receiving there, and returned to Moscow.{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=17}} In five years Lomonosov completed a twelve-year study course and in 1736, among 12 best graduates, was awarded a [[scholarship]] at the [[Saint Petersburg State University|St. Petersburg Academy]].{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=23}} He plunged into his studies and was rewarded with a four-year grant to study abroad, in Germany, first at the [[University of Marburg]] and then in [[Freiberg]].{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=24}}

=== Education abroad ===
The University of Marburg was among Europe's most important universities in the mid-18th century due to the presence of the philosopher [[Christian Wolff (philosopher)|Christian Wolff]], a prominent figure of the German [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]. Lomonosov became one of Wolff's students while at Marburg from November 1736 to July 1739. Both philosophically and as a science administrator, this connection would be the most influential of Lomonosov's life. In 1739–1740 he studied mineralogy, mining, and metallurgy with Bergrat Henckel in his Freiberg laboratory; there, too, he intensified his studies of German literature.{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=}}

[[File:Lomonosov Poltava 1762 1764.jpg|thumb|The most grandiose of Lomonosov's mosaics depicts the [[Battle of Poltava]].]]
Lomonosov quickly mastered the German language, and in addition to philosophy, seriously studied [[chemistry]], discovered the works of 17th century Irish theologian and natural philosopher [[Robert Boyle]], and even began writing poetry. He also developed an interest in German literature. He is said to have especially admired [[Johann Christian Günther|Günther]]. His "Ode on the Taking of [[Khotin]] from the Turks," composed in 1739 - modelled after Günther's poem "Eugen ist fort. Ihr Musen, nach!", 1718, celebrating the taking of [[Belgrade]] from the Turks - , attracted a great deal of attention in Saint Petersburg.{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=}} 

Contrary to his adoration for Wolff, Lomonosov had fierce disputes with Henckel over the training and education courses he and his two compatriot students were getting in Freiberg, as well as over very limited financial support which Henckel was instructed to provide to the Russians after numerous debts they had accumulated in Marburg. As the result, Lomonosov left Freiberg without permission and wandered for quite a while over Germany and Holland, unsuccessfully trying to obtain permission from Russian envoys to return to the St. Petersburg Academy.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

During his residence in Marburg, Lomonosov boarded with Catharina Zilch, a brewer's widow.<ref>Pavlova, Galina E., and Fedorov, Aleksandr S. ''Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov: His Life and Work (English Translation).'' Mir: Moscow, 1980.</ref> He fell in love with Catharina's daughter Elizabeth Christine Zilch. They were married in June 1740.<ref>Pavlova, Galina E., and Fedorov, Aleksandr S. ''Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov: His Life and Work (English Translation).'' Mir: Moscow, 1980. {{ISBN|0-8285-2895-0}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8285-2895-5}}</ref> Lomonosov found it extremely difficult to maintain his growing family on the scanty and irregular allowance granted him by the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]. As his circumstances became desperate, he got permission to return to Saint Petersburg.{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=}}

=== Return to Russia ===
Lomonosov returned to Russia in June 1741, after being abroad 4 years and 8 months.  A year later he was named an Adjunct of the Russian Academy of Science in the physics department.{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=}} In May 1743, Lomonosov was accused, arrested, and held under house arrest for eight months, after he supposedly insulted various people associated with the academy. He was released and pardoned in January 1744 after apologising to all involved.{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=}}

Lomonosov was made a full member of the academy and named professor of [[chemistry]] in 1745.{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=}} He established the academy's first chemistry laboratory.<ref name="Cornwell Page 514">Cornwell, Neil and Christian, Nicole. ''Reference Guide to Russian Literature,'' p. 514. Taylor & Francis: London, 1998</ref> Eager to improve Russia's educational system, in 1755, Lomonosov joined his patron Count [[Ivan Shuvalov]] in founding [[Moscow State University|Moscow University]].<ref name="Cornwell Page 514"/>

In 1760, he was elected a Foreign Member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]]. In 1764, he was elected Foreign Member of the [[Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna]].<ref>R. Crease and V. Shiltsev, "Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765): Scientist in Politically Turbulent Times" in Il Nuovo Saggiatore, vol. 33, issue 5–6 (2017), pp. 43–56 https://www.ilnuovosaggiatore.sif.it/issue/54 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130092120/https://www.ilnuovosaggiatore.sif.it/issue/54 |date=30 January 2018 }}</ref> In 1764, Lomonosov was appointed to the position of the [[State Councillor (Russia)|State Councillor]] which was of Rank V in the Russian Empire's [[Table of Ranks]]. He died on 4 April (o.s.), 1765 in Saint Petersburg.  He is widely and deservingly regarded as the "Father of Russian Science,"<ref>V. Shiltsev, "Mikhail Lomonosov and the dawn of Russian science", ''Physics Today'' (February 2012), vol. 65, http://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/PT.3.1438</ref> though many of his scientific accomplishments were relatively unknown outside Russia until long after his death and gained proper appreciation only in late 19th and, especially, 20th centuries.