Editing Michael Graves (section)

==Career==
[[File:Portland Building 1982.jpg|thumb|The [[Portland Building]] in [[Portland, Oregon]] in 1982]]
Graves began his career in 1962 as a professor of architecture at [[Princeton University]], where he taught for nearly four decades and later helped to establish the [[Michael Graves College]] at [[Kean University]] in [[Union Township, Union County, New Jersey|Union Township, New Jersey]], and established his own architectural firm in 1964 at [[Princeton, New Jersey]]. Graves worked as an architect in public practice designing a variety of buildings that included private residences, university buildings, hotel resorts, hospitals, retail and commercial office buildings, museums, civic buildings, and monuments. During a career that spanned nearly fifty years, Graves and his firm designed more than 350 buildings around the world, and an estimated 2,000 household products.

===Princeton University===
In 1962, after two years of studies in Rome, Graves returned to the United States and moved to [[Princeton, New Jersey]], where he accepted a professorship at the [[Princeton University School of Architecture]]. Graves taught at Princeton for thirty-nine years while simultaneously practicing architecture. He retired as the Robert Schirmer Professor of Architecture, Emeritus, in 2001.<ref name= obit/><ref name="Drawing with a Purpose"/>

Although Graves was a longtime faculty member at Princeton and trained many of its architecture students, the university did not allow its faculty to practice their profession on its campus. As a result, Graves was never commissioned to design a building for the university.<ref>Israel, p. 126.</ref> Later in his life he contributed to the founding of a new college,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kean University creates Michael Graves School of Architecture|url=https://www.bdcnetwork.com/kean-university-creates-michael-graves-school-architecture|access-date=March 3, 2021|website=Building Design + Construction|date=October 28, 2014|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=October 30, 2014|title=Michael Graves School of Architecture to Open in 2015|url=https://www.archdaily.com/563210/michael-graves-school-of-architecture-to-open-in-2015|access-date=March 3, 2021|website=ArchDaily|language=en-US}}</ref> which bears his name at [[Kean University]].

===Architect===
In his early years as an architect, Graves did designs for home renovation projects in Princeton. In 1964 he founded the architectural firm of Michael Graves & Associate in Princeton and remained in public practice there until the end of his life.<ref name= obit/> His firm maintained offices in Princeton, New Jersey, and in [[New York City]], but his residence in Princeton served as his design studio, home office and library, and a place to display the many objects he collected during his world travels. Nicknamed "The Warehouse", it also displayed many of the household items he designed.<ref>Built in the 1920s by Italian masons who came to work on buildings at Princeton University, the warehouse originally stored furniture. Graves bought the dilapidated building in 1970 for $30,000. He remodeled and expanded the L-shaped structure into a Tuscan-style villa. Graves later added a terracotta-colored surface to its exterior later. See Iovine, p. 18, and {{cite journal| author=Patricia Leigh Brown | title =Architect Michael Graves get busloads of visitors | journal =[[Indianapolis Star]] | location =Indianapolis, Indiana | date =November 3, 1996}}</ref> After Graves's death, [[Kean University]] acquired his former home and studio in Princeton, along with two adjacent buildings.<ref name=Howarth6-12>{{cite web| author=Dan Howarth| title =Michael Graves' Princeton Home to Become Architecture Education Centre | publisher =Dezeen | date =July 6, 2016 | url =https://www.dezeen.com/2016/07/06/kean-university-acquires-michael-graves-princeton-home-the-warehouse-patton-avenue/ | access-date =June 12, 2017}} Also: {{cite web| title =Michael Graves College: School of Public Architecture | publisher =Kean University | url = http://architecture.kean.edu | access-date =June 12, 2017}}</ref>

====Modernist====
Graves spent much of the late 1960s and early 1970s designing [[modernism|modernist]] residences.

His first commission was  the Hanselman House in [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]], a design completed in 1971.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ayoubi |first1=Ayda |title=Architect Michael Graves' First Commission Hits the Market |url=https://www.architectmagazine.com/design/buildings/architect-michael-graves-first-commission-hits-the-market |website=Architect Magazine |date=July 14, 2017}}</ref> The modernist structure built for $55,000 received an American Institute of Architects Honor Award in 1975. The New York Times described the home as "another of Graves's experiments in cubist‐influenced spatial manipulations" and cited the obvious influence of [[Le Corbusier]] on Graves' work.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Goldberger |first1=Paul |title=Design: The national A.I.A. awards |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/05/18/archives/design-the-national-ala-awards-mostly-bs-some-as.html |website=The New York Times |date=May 18, 1975}}</ref>

Built for friends he met in high school, the home went up for sale in 2017 for $264,888. The four-bedroom residence features a Graves-painted mural in the living room signed by the architect during a visit to the home in 2000.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hansen |first1=Kristine |title=Michael Graves-Designed Modern Home Is a Steal in Fort Wayne |url=https://www.realtor.com/news/unique-homes/michael-graves-home-fort-wayne/ |website=Realtor.com |date=July 18, 2017}}</ref>

He also designed the [[Snyderman House]] in Fort Wayne (1972, destroyed by fire in 2002) .<ref name=Larson>{{cite journal| author =Cindy Larson| title =Live Inside a Work of Art| journal =News-Sentinel| location =Fort Wayne, Indiana| date =May 14, 2011| url =http://www.news-sentinel.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110514/NEWS/105140336| access-date =June 12, 2017| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140313011516/http://www.news-sentinel.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20110514%2FNEWS%2F105140336| archive-date =March 13, 2014}}</ref><ref name=Howarth5-21>{{cite journal| author=Dan Howarth | title =Five Mid-Century Gems in Unlikely Architecture Haven Fort Wayne | journal =Dezeen | date =May 21, 2017| url =https://www.dezeen.com/2017/05/21/mid-century-modern-gems-unlikely-architecture-haven-fort-wayne-indiana/| access-date =June 12, 2017}}</ref>

Graves also became one of the [[New York Five]], along with [[Peter Eisenman]], [[Charles Gwathmey]], [[John Hejduk]] and [[Richard Meier]].<ref name=Goldberger>{{Citation| author=Paul Goldberger| title = Architecture View: A Little Book That Led Five Men to Fame| newspaper = [[The New York Times]]| date =February 11, 1996| url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9505E2DB1539F932A25751C0A960958260&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink|access-date=August 22, 2017}}</ref> This informal group of Princeton and New York City architects, also known as the Whites due to the predominant color of their architectural work, espoused a pure form of [[modernism]] characterized by clean lines and minimal ornamentation. The New York Five became the "standard-bearers of a movement to elevate modernist architectural form into a serious theoretical pursuit."<ref name=Goldberger/> The book, ''Five Architects'' (1973) describes some of their early work.<ref name=Goldberger/>

====Postmodernist====
[[File:HumanaBuilding1.jpg|thumb|[[Humana Building]] in [[Louisville, Kentucky]] in 1982]]
[[Image:NCAA Hall of Champions.JPG|thumb|[[NCAA Hall of Champions]] in [[Indianapolis]] in 1997]]
In the late 1970s, Graves shifted away from modernism to pursue [[Postmodernism]] and [[New Urbanism]] design for the remainder of his career. He began by sketching designs that had [[Cubism|Cubist]]-inspired elements and strong, saturated colors. Postmodernism allowed Graves to introduce his humanist vision of classicism, as well as his sense of irony and humor. His designs, notable for their "playful style" and "colorful facades," were a "radical departure" from his earlier work.<ref>Israel, p. 21.</ref> The Plocek Residence (1977), a private home in [[Warren Township, New Jersey]], was among the first of his designs in this new style.<ref name=GravesBio/>

Graves designed some of his most iconic buildings in the early 1980s, including the [[Portland Building]].<ref name=GravesBio/>  The fifteen-story Portland Municipal Services Building, his first major public commission, opened in 1982 in downtown [[Portland, Oregon]].<ref name=D-Portland>{{cite journal|author=Allan G. Brake| title =Postmodern architecture: the Portland Municipal Services Building, Oregon, by Michael Graves| journal = Dezeen | date =September 12, 2015 | url =https://www.dezeen.com/2015/09/12/postmodernism-architecture-portland-municipal-services-building-michael-graves/| access-date =August 23, 2017}}</ref>  The "monolithic cube" with decorated facades and colorful, oversized columns is "considered a seminal Postmodern work"<ref name=D-GravesDies>{{cite journal|author=Marcus Fairs | title =Michael Graves dies aged 80 | journal = Dezeen | date =March 12, 2015 |url =https://www.dezeen.com/2015/03/12/michael-graves-dies-aged-80/| access-date =August 23, 2017}}</ref> and one of Graves's best-known works of architecture. The celebrated but controversial municipal office also became an icon for the city of Portland and subject to an ongoing preservation debate.<ref name=D-Portland/><ref name="Hawthorne"/> Regarded as the first major built example of [[postmodern architecture]] in a tall office building, the Portland Building was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 2011.<ref name=trib-nov2011>{{cite news|title=Portland Building gets a place on national history list|date=November 17, 2011|newspaper=[[Portland Tribune]]|url= http://portlandtribune.com/component/content/article?id=15793|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114428/http://portlandtribune.com/component/content/article?id=15793|url-status= dead|archive-date= April 2, 2015|access-date=July 6, 2013}}</ref> Although it faced demolition in 2014, the city government decided to proceed with a renovation, estimated to cost $195 million.<ref name=D-Portland/><ref name="Hawthorne"/>

As a result of the notoriety he received from the Portland Building design, Graves was awarded other major commissions in the 1980s and 1990s. Notable buildings from this period include the [[Humana Building]] (1982) in [[Kentucky]] and the [[Newark Museum]] expansion (1982) in [[New Jersey]].<ref>Israel, p. 128; Iovine, p. 11.</ref> Some architecture critics, including Paul Goldberger of ''The New York Times'', consider the Humana Building, a skyscraper in [[Louisville, Kentucky]], one of Graves's finest building designs. ''TIME'' magazine also claimed it was a commercial icon for the city of Louisville and one of the best buildings of the 1980s.<ref name= obit/><ref name=D-Portland/> The San Juan Capistrano Library (1982) in [[California]], another project from this period, shows his interpretation of the [[Mission Revival architecture|Mission Revival style]].<ref>{{cite journal| author=Aaron Betsky | title =Beyond Buildings: Michael Graves's San Juan Capistrano Library, 30 Years Later | journal =Architect | publisher =American Institute of Architects | date =January 9, 2013| url = http://www.architectmagazine.com/design/michael-gravess-san-juan-capistrano-library-30-years-later_o| access-date =August 23, 2017}}</ref>

Graves and his firm also designed several buildings for the [[Walt Disney Company]] in the postmodern style. These include the [[Team Disney]] headquarters in [[Burbank, California]];<ref name="Hawthorne" /> the [[Walt Disney World Dolphin|Dolphin]] (1987) and [[Walt Disney World Swan|Swan]] (1988) resorts at [[Walt Disney World]] in [[Florida]]; and [[Disney's Hotel New York]] (1989) at [[Disneyland Paris]].<ref name=GravesBio/> Patrick Burke, the project architect for the two resort hotels in Florida, commented that the Walt Disney Company described Graves's designs as "entertainment architecture."<ref name=Howarth-WDW>{{cite journal| author= Dan Howarth | title = Postmodern Architecture: Walt Disney World Dolphin and Swan Hotels by Michael Graves | journal =Dezeen | date =April 28, 2017| url = https://www.dezeen.com/2017/04/28/michael-graves-walt-disney-world-dolphin-swan-hotels-architecture-orlando-florida-postmodernism/| access-date =August 23, 2017}}</ref> In addition to the Swan and Dolphin hotel buildings, Graves's firm designed their original interiors, furnishings, signage, and artwork.<ref>Iovine, pp. 12–13.</ref> Graves's other notable commissions for buildings that were completed in the 1990s include an expansion of the [[Denver Public Library]] (1990) and the renovation of the [[Detroit Institute of Arts]] (1990).<ref name="Hawthorne" />

Postmodern architecture did not have a long-lasting popularity and some of Graves's clients rejected his ideas. For example, his design for an expansion of Marcel Breuer's [[945 Madison Avenue|Whitney Museum of American Art building]] in New York City in the mid-1980s was highly contested and never built due to architect and local opposition.<ref name= obit /> Graves's designs for a planned Phoenix Municipal Government Center complex were among the project's finalists, but his concept was not selected as the winning entry.<ref>{{cite web| title =Phoenix Municipal Government Center Design Competition Collection–Design and the Arts Library | publisher =Arizona State University Library | url =https://lib.asu.edu/design/collections/phxgov | access-date =November 14, 2017}}</ref>

Graves's prominence as a postmodernist architect may have reached its peak during the 1980s and in the early 1990s, but he continued to practice as an architect until his death in 2015. Later works include the [[O'Reilly Theater]] (1996) in [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]]; the [[NCAA Hall of Champions]] in Indianapolis, Indiana; and [[425 Fifth Avenue]] (2000) in New York City, among others. Graves also received recognition for his multi-year renovation of his personal residence in Princeton.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://curbed.com/archives/2012/04/23/dwell-takes-a-look-inside-michael-graves-princeton-home.php|title=Dwell Takes a Look Inside Michael Graves' Princeton Home|work=Curbed National|access-date=March 16, 2015|archive-date=May 2, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502102852/http://curbed.com/archives/2012/04/23/dwell-takes-a-look-inside-michael-graves-princeton-home.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> International projects included the Sheraton Miramar Hotel (1997) in [[El Gouna]], [[Egypt]],<ref name=arch20>{{cite web| title =Michael Graves: Legendary Advocate of Postmodernism and Household Designer | work =Coffee Break | publisher =Arch20.com | url =https://www.arch2o.com/michael-graves-postmodernism-household-designer/ | access-date =February 5, 2018}}</ref> and the Hard Rock Hotel in [[Singapore]].<ref name=arch20/> One of the last projects that Michael Graves and Associates was involved in before Graves's death was the [[Louwman Museum]] (2010) in [[The Hague]], [[Netherlands]]. Gary Lapera, a principal and studio head of Michael Graves and Associates, designed the museum, also known as the Lowman Collection and the National Automobile Museum of the Netherlands, which houses more than 230 cars.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Catherine Warmann | title = The Louwman Museum by Michael Graves and Associates  | journal =Dezeen | date =November 17, 2010| url = https://www.dezeen.com/2010/11/17/the-louwman-museum-by-michael-graves-associates/| access-date =August 23, 2017}}
</ref>

===Product and furniture designer===
[[File:Chair, by Michael Graves, 1982 or 1983, metal and wood with epoxy lacquer, and plastic, Inv. 994.1, Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris (01).jpg|thumb|Chair ''First'' by Michele de Lucchi on display at [[Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris|Musée des Arts Décoratifs]] in Paris]]
[[File:Graves kittel 1984.jpg|thumb|[[Alessi (Italian company)|Alessi]] 9093 [[Teakettle]] in 1985]]
[[File:Michael graves per alessi spa., caraffa euclide, 1993, plastica.jpg|thumb|Alessi Euclide carafe in 1993]]
[[File:2016-0515-CedarGablesHouse-by-MichaelGraves.jpg|thumb|Cedar Gables House (1998) was commissioned by Target Corp as a model home to showcase his new line of housewares.]]
[[File:Stryker Prime TC wheelchair.jpg|thumb|Stryker Prime TC Patient Transport Chair]]
In addition to his architecture, Graves became a noted designer of consumer products. His distinctive style was well known among the general public in the United States in 1980s and 1990s, when he began designing household products for major clients such as the [[Target Corporation]], [[Alessi (Italian company)|Alessi]], Steuben, and [[The Walt Disney Company]].<ref name= obit/><ref name=Goldberger/> Over the years, the Michael Graves Design Group, a part of his design firm, designed and brought to market more than 2,000 products.<ref name=CooperHewitt/><ref name=Iovine94-95>Iovine, p. 94–95.</ref>

In the early 1980s, [[Ettore Sottsass]] recruited Graves to become a member of [[Memphis Group|Memphis]], a postmodern design group based in [[Milan]], [[Italy]]. Graves began designing consumer products such as furniture and home accessories. Especially notable is his "Plaza" dressing table.<ref name=CooperHewitt/><ref name=D-Portland/><ref name=Iovine94-95/> Around the same time, Graves became associated with [[Alessi (Italian company)|Alessi]], a high-end Italian kitchenware manufacturer. Graves designed a sterling silver tea service for Alessi in 1982, a turning point in his career, and he was no longer known solely as an architect. After the $25,000 tea service began to attract buyers, Alberto Alessi commissioned Graves to design a moderate-priced kettle for his company. In 1985 Graves designed his iconic a stainless-steel teakettle (9093 stovetop kettle).<ref>Iovine, pp. 14–16.</ref>

The kettle featured a red, bird-shaped whistle at the end of the spout. It remained the company's top-selling product for fifteen years. In honor of its thirtieth anniversary in 2015, Graves designed a special edition version with a dragon replacing the kettle's bird-shaped whistle.<ref name=D-Portland/><ref name="Hawthorne"/><ref>{{cite journal| author= Dan Howarth| title =Alessi celebrates Michael Graves' 9093 kettle anniversary with dragon-shaped whistle | journal = Dezeen | date =August 25, 2015| url = https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/25/alessi-michael-graves-9093-kettle-30th-anniversary-dragon-shaped-whistle/| access-date =August 23, 2017}} Also: {{cite web|url=http://michaelgraves.com/portfolio/alessi/|title=Alessi|access-date=May 28, 2015}}</ref>
In Italy in 1987, clock on display ''Apollodoro Gallery'', seventh event ''The Hour of Architects'', with [[Hans Hollei]], [[Arata Isozaki]], [[Ettore Sottsass]], [[Paolo Portoghesi]], paintings by [[Paolo Salvati]], [[Rome]].

In 1997–98, when Graves designed the scaffolding used in the restoration of the [[Washington Monument]] in [[Washington D.C.]], he met Ron Johnson, a Target executive who appreciated his product designs. (The Target Corporation contributed $6 million toward restoration of the monument.) The result of their acquaintance was the formation of a business relationship between Graves and the U.S. retailer that lasted until 2012.<ref name=obit /><ref name="Hawthorne" /><ref name=Bloomberg2013>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2013-03-28/designer-michael-graves-on-moving-to-j-dot-c-dot-penney|title=Designer Michael Graves on Moving to J.C. Penney|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=March 29, 2013|access-date=May 28, 2015}}</ref> Graves began the collaboration with Target by designing a half-dozen products for the mass-consumer market. His collection of housewares began selling in Target stores in January 1999.<ref name=Bloomberg2013/><ref>Iovine, p. 21. Also: {{cite journal| author=Michael Pogrebin | title =A Pioneer of Postmodern Design, Big and Small |journal=Toronto Star |date=March 15, 2015 | url =http://www.pressreader.com/canada/toronto-star/20150315/282200829399433| access-date =August 24, 2017}}</ref>

In 1998, [[Target Corporation]] commissioned Graves to design a model home to showcase the new line of housewares, but Graves went a step further. He designed "Cedar Gables," contemporary house in [[Minnetonka, Minnesota]], complete with custom furniture, lighting, fixtures, and other unique items, making it only one of three homes he designed and furnished. By 2009, however, Graves noted that the house "doesn't have a wow factor. That gets old quickly."<ref name=Underwood>{{cite journal |author=Lynn Underwood|url=http://www.startribune.com/gables-by-graves/59124482/ 
|title=Gables by GRAVES|journal=Star Tribune|date=September 2, 2009|access-date=May 16, 2016}}</ref> When the partnership with Target ended in 2012, Graves had designed more than 500 objects for the retailer.<ref>Iovine, p. 21.</ref>

Increasingly concerned about Target's dwindling partnerships with outside designers, Graves decided to explore other relationships for marketing his consumer products. After Johnson became CEO of [[J.C. Penney]] in 2011, he and Graves reached an agreement for Graves to design products exclusively for Penney's.<ref name=Bloomberg2013/> Graves also created products for other manufacturers. In the 1990s for example, Graves created the Mickey Mouse Gourmet Collection for Moeller Design with the Walt Disney Company's approval. The collection of kitchenware and tabletop items was initially sold through the Walt Disney Company's retail stores and later offered at other retail outlets.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Abe Amidor  | title =Mouse in the House | journal =Indianapolis Star | pages =C1–2 | location =Indianapolis, Indiana | date =September 15, 1994}}</ref>

In 2013, Graves designed what became known as the “[[Hitler teapot]]” for department store [[JCPenney]], which garnered controversy due to its perceived resemblance to [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chappell |first=Bill |date=2013-05-29 |title=Tempest Over A Teapot: JC Penney Removes 'Hitler' Billboard |language=en |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/05/29/187054424/tempest-over-a-teapot-jc-penney-removes-hitler-billboard |access-date=2022-03-24}}</ref>

In addition to housewares, Graves was involved in a variety of other design projects that included sets and costumes for New York City's [[Joffrey Ballet]]; a shopping bag for [[Bloomingdale's]] [[department store]]; jewelry for Cleto Munari of Milan, Italy; vinyl flooring for Tajima, a [[Japan]]ese company; and rugs for [[Vorwerk (company)|Vorwerk]], a [[Germany|German]] firm. In 1994 Graves opened a small retail store named the Graves Design Store in Princeton, New Jersey, where shoppers could purchase his designs and reproductions of his artwork. At that time Graves had designed products for more than fifty manufacturers.<ref>Iovine, pp. 16, 20.</ref>