Editing Miami (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Miami}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of Miami}}
{{See also|National Register of Historic Places listings in Miami}}
[[File:MiamiAvenue1896.jpg|thumb|In 1896, approximately 400 men gathered in the building pictured on the left and voted to incorporate Miami.]]
[[File:FL Miami 347460 1962 24000.jpg|thumb|A 1962 map of Miami]]
[[File:Mouth of Miami River 20100211.jpg|thumb|The mouth of [[Miami River (Florida)|Miami River]] at [[Brickell Key]] in February 2010]]
The [[Tequesta]] tribe occupied the Miami area for around 2,000 years before contact with Europeans. A village of hundreds of people, dating to 500–600 BCE, was located at the mouth of the [[Miami River (Florida)|Miami River]]. It is believed that the entire tribe migrated to [[Cuba]] by the mid-1700s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Matt |date=February 4, 2014 |title=Questions of preservation after ancient village found in downtown Miami |work=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/02/04/us/florida-indian-village/index.html?hpt=hp_c3 |access-date=February 4, 2014 |archive-date=February 5, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140205080447/http://www.cnn.com/2014/02/04/us/florida-indian-village/index.html?hpt=hp_c3 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Settlement===
In 1566, admiral [[Pedro Menéndez de Avilés]], Florida's first governor, claimed the area for [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]. A Spanish [[mission (station)|mission]] was constructed one year later. Spain, and briefly [[British Empire|Britain]], ruled Florida until it ceded it to the United States in 1821. In 1836, the U.S. built [[Fort Dallas]] on the banks of the Miami River as part of their development of the [[Florida Territory]] and their attempt to suppress and remove the [[Seminole]]s. As a result, the Miami area became a site of fighting in the [[Second Seminole War]].

===Founding===
Miami is noted as the only major city in the United States founded by a woman. [[Julia Tuttle]], a local [[citrus|citrus grower]] and a wealthy [[Cleveland]] native, was the original owner of the land upon which Miami was built.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Copquin |first=Claudia Gryvatz |date=January 23, 2014 |title=What's the One Major American City Founded by a Woman? |url=https://parade.com/256292/claudiagryvatzcopquin/whats-the-one-major-american-city-founded-by-a-woman/ |access-date=June 18, 2019 |website=Parade |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015162952/http://parade.condenast.com/256292/claudiagryvatzcopquin/whats-the-one-major-american-city-founded-by-a-woman/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the late 19th century, the area was known as "Biscayne Bay Country", and reports described it as a promising wilderness and "one of the finest building sites in Florida".<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 10, 1893 |title=The Day in St. Augustine&nbsp;— The Hack Line to Biscayne Bay |work=[[The Florida Times-Union]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 9, 1893 |title=A Trip to Biscayne Bay |work=The Tropical Sun}}</ref> The [[Great Freeze]] of 1894–1895 hastened Miami's growth, as the crops there were the only ones in Florida that survived. Julia Tuttle subsequently convinced [[Business magnate|railroad tycoon]] [[Henry Flagler]] to extend his [[Florida East Coast Railway]] to the region, for which she became known as "the mother of Miami".<ref>{{Citation |last=Muir |first=Helen |title=Miami, USA |page=55 |year=1953 |publisher=Henry Holt and Company}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Weiner |first=Jacqueline |title=Statue of Miami's First Lady, Julia Tuttle, may be birthday present |date=April 1, 2010 |url=http://www.miamitodaynews.com/news/100401/story2.shtml |work=Miami Today |access-date=June 25, 2010 |archive-date=April 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406013034/http://www.miamitodaynews.com/news/100401/story2.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Miami was officially incorporated as a city on July 28, 1896, with a population of just over 300.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Williams |first1=Linda K. |last2=George, Paul S. |name-list-style=amp |title=South Florida: A Brief History |url=http://www.hmsf.org/history/south-florida-brief-history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429002717/http://www.hmsf.org/history/south-florida-brief-history.htm |archive-date=April 29, 2010 |access-date=August 24, 2009 |publisher=Historical Museum of South Florida}}</ref>

===20th century===
{{See also|Cuban migration to Miami}}
During the early 20th century, migrants from the [[The Bahamas|Bahamas]] and African-Americans constituted 40 percent of the city's population.<ref name="Concrete">{{Cite book |last=Connolly |first=Nathan |title=A World More Concrete: Real Estate and the Remaking of Jim Crow South Florida |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2014}}</ref>{{rp|25}}  When landlords began to rent homes to African-Americans around Avenue J, what would later become NW Fifth Avenue, a gang of white men with torches marched through the neighborhood and warned the residents to move or be bombed.<ref name="Concrete" />{{rp|33}}

Miami prospered during the 1920s with an increase in population and development in infrastructure as northerners moved to the city. The legacy of [[Jim Crow laws|Jim Crow]] was embedded in these developments. Miami's chief of police at the time, [[H. Leslie Quigg]], did not hide the fact that he, like many other white Miami police officers, was a member of the [[Ku Klux Klan]]. Unsurprisingly, these officers enforced social codes far beyond the written law. Quigg, for example, "personally and publicly beat a colored bellboy to death for speaking directly to a white woman".<ref name="Concrete" />{{rp|53}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=Miami Police chief is jailed for murder joins 5 other officers |work=The New York Times |date=March 24, 1928 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/03/24/archives/miami-police-chief-is-jailed-for-murder-joins-5-other-officers.html |access-date=August 23, 2021 |archive-date=August 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823050952/https://www.nytimes.com/1928/03/24/archives/miami-police-chief-is-jailed-for-murder-joins-5-other-officers.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The collapse of the [[Florida land boom of the 1920s]], the [[1926 Miami Hurricane]], and the [[Great Depression]] in the 1930s slowed development. When [[World War II]] began, Miami became a base for U.S. defense against [[U-boat|German submarines]] due to its prime location on the southern coast of Florida. This brought an increase in Miami's population; 172,172 people lived in the city by 1940. The city's nickname, ''The Magic City'', came from its rapid growth, which was noticed by winter visitors who remarked that the city grew so much from one year to the next that it was like magic.<ref name="MDInfocenter" />

After [[Fidel Castro]] rose to power in [[Cuba]] following the [[Cuban Revolution|Revolution]] in 1959, many wealthy Cubans sought refuge in Miami, further increasing the city's population. Miami's national profile expanded dramatically in the 1970s, particularly in 1972.<ref name="SFMN 1972">{{cite web |last1=Permuy |first1=Antonio |last2=Cosio |first2=Leo |title=Revisiting 1972: the year that made modern Miami |url=https://sfmn.fiu.edu/dolphins-democratic-convention-1972-nixon-miami/ |website=www.sfmn.fiu.edu |date=December 27, 2022 |publisher=South Florida Media Network |access-date=December 27, 2022 |archive-date=December 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227181828/https://sfmn.fiu.edu/dolphins-democratic-convention-1972-nixon-miami/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The region hosted both the [[1972 Democratic National Convention|Democratic]] and [[1972 Republican National Convention|Republican National Conventions]] in the [[1972 United States presidential election|1972 Presidential election]]. The [[Miami Dolphins]] also made history with their [[1972 Miami Dolphins season|undefeated "perfect" season]]. The area's educational and cultural institutions also developed significantly in this period, positioning the city to service a larger and increasingly international population.<ref name="SFMN 1972" />

Miami developed new businesses and cultural amenities as part of the [[New South]] in the 1980s and 1990s. At the same time, South Florida weathered social problems related to [[War on drugs|drug wars]], immigration from [[Haiti]] and Latin America, and the widespread destruction of [[Hurricane Andrew]].<ref>{{cite web |date=October 1, 2017 |title=Zoe Pound (Miami) |url=https://unitedgangs.com/zoe-pound-miami/ |access-date=March 23, 2021 |archive-date=April 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415163031/https://unitedgangs.com/zoe-pound-miami/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="MDInfocenter">{{cite web |title=Miami-Dade County&nbsp;– Information Center |url=http://www.miamidade.gov/infocenter/about_miami-dade_history.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225012927/http://www.miamidade.gov/infocenter/about_miami-dade_history.asp |archive-date=February 25, 2008 |access-date=April 18, 2008 |publisher=[[Miami-Dade County, Florida|Miami-Dade County]]}}</ref> Racial and cultural tensions sometimes sparked, but Miami developed in the latter half of the 20th century as a major international, financial, and cultural center. It is the second-largest U.S. city with a Spanish-speaking majority (after [[El Paso, Texas]]), and the largest city with a [[Cuban-American]] plurality.<ref>{{cite news |last=Reed |first=Roy |date=March 3, 1976 |title=Wallace Pressing the Abortion Issue |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/03/03/archives/wallace-pressing-the-abortion-issue.html |access-date=March 23, 2021 |archive-date=May 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510011958/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/03/03/archives/wallace-pressing-the-abortion-issue.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">U.S. Census, 2010 (Ethnicity) and Census American Community Survey 2008 (language).</ref>