Editing Metropolitan area network (section)

== Metropolitan Internet exchange points ==
[[File:Fiber-Optic Installation in New York City.jpg|thumb|[[Stealth Communications|Stealth Fiber Crew]] installing a 432-count dark fibre cable underneath the streets of [[New York City]].]]
[[File:AMS-IX optical patch panel.jpg|thumb|An [[optical fiber]] [[photonic switch]] at the AMS-IX]]

[[Internet exchange point]]s (IXs) have historically been important for the connection of MANs to the national or global [[Internet]]. The [[Boston Metropolitan Exchange Point]] (Boston MXP) enabled metro Ethernet providers, such as the HarvardNet to exchange data with national carriers, such as the [[Sprint Corporation]] and [[AT&T]]. Exchange points also serve as low-latency links between [[campus area network]]s, thus the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] and the [[Boston University]] could exchange data, voice and video using the Boston MXP. Further examples of metropolitan Internet exchanges in the USA that were operational {{as of|2002|lc=on}} include the Anchorage Metropolitan Access Point (AMAP), the [[Seattle Internet Exchange]] (SIX), the Dallas-Fort Worth Metropolitan Access Point (DFMAP) and the Denver Internet Exchange (IX-Denver).<ref>{{cite book |author=Marlyn Kemper Littman |date=2002 |title=Building Broadband Networks |url=https://archive.org/details/buildingbroadban0000litt |url-access=registration |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-0001-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/buildingbroadban0000litt/page/78 78]}}</ref> [[Verizon]] put into operation three regional metropolitan exchanges to interconnect MANs and give them access to the Internet. The [[MAE-West]] serves the MANs of [[San Jose, California|San Jose]], [[Los Angeles]] and [[California]]. The [[MAE-East]] interconnects the MANs of [[New York City]], [[Washington, D.C.]], and [[Miami]]. While the MAE-Central interconnects the MANs of [[Dallas]], [[Texas]], and [[Illinois]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Gary B. Shelly |author2=Jennifer Campbell |date=2011 |title=Discovering the Internet: Complete  |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-111-82072-5 |page=345}}</ref>

In larger cities several local providers may have built a [[dark fibre]] MAN backbone. In London, the [[metro Ethernet]] rings of several providers make up the London MAN infrastructure. Like other MANs, the London MAN primarily serves the needs of its urban customers, who typically need a high number of connections with low bandwidth, a fast transit to other MAN providers, as well as high bandwidth access to national and international long-haul providers. Within the MAN of larger cities, metropolitan exchange points now play a vital role. The [[London Internet Exchange]] (LINX) had by 2005 built up several exchange points across the [[Greater London]] region.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Sachar Paulus |editor2=Norbert Pohlmann |editor3=Helmut Reimer|date=2005 |title=ISSE 2005 — Securing Electronic Business Processes: Highlights of the Information Security Solutions Europe 2005 Conference |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-8348-0011-4 |page=324}}</ref>

Cities that host one of the international Internet exchanges have become a preferred location for companies and [[data centre]]s. The [[Amsterdam Internet Exchange]] (AMS-IX) is the world's second-largest Internet exchange and has attracted companies to Amsterdam that are dependent on high-speed internet access. The Amsterdam metropolitan area network has benefited too from high-speed Internet access.<ref name="Springer">{{cite book |date=2015 |title=Comparative Study of Smart Cities in Europe and China 2014  |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-662-46867-8}}</ref>{{rp|105}} Similarly Frankfurt has become a magnet for data centres of international companies because it hosts the non-profit [[DE-CIX]], the largest Internet exchange in the world.<ref name="Springer"/>{{rp|116}} The business model of the metro DE-CIX is to reduce the transit cost for local carriers by keeping data in the metropolitan area or region, while at the same time allowing long-haul low-latency peering globally with other major MANs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ixreach.com/news/ix-reach-announced-official-reseller-de-cix-new-york/|title=IX Reach announced as official reseller of DE-CIX New York|date=March 28, 2014|website=www.ixreach.com|publisher=IX Reach|access-date=March 8, 2019|archive-date=April 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408133747/https://www.ixreach.com/news/ix-reach-announced-official-reseller-de-cix-new-york/|url-status=live}}</ref>