Editing Metal casting (section)

===Sand casting===
{{Main article|Sand casting}}

Sand casting is one of the most popular and simplest types of casting, and has been used for centuries. Sand casting allows for smaller batches than permanent mold casting and at a very reasonable cost. Not only does this method allow manufacturers to create products at a low cost, but there are other benefits to sand casting, such as very small-size operations. The process allows for castings small enough fit in the palm of one's hand to those large enough for a train car bed (one casting can create the entire bed for one rail car). Sand casting also allows most metals to be cast depending on the type of sand used for the molds.<ref>{{harvnb|Schleg|Kohloff|Sylvia|American Foundry Society|2003}}, chapters 2–4.</ref>
[[File:Iron bell cooling after iron pour.jpg|left|thumb|Iron bell cooling after iron pour]]
[[File:Personal protective equipment to shield from radiant heat and molten splashes - zoomed in.jpg|left|thumb|Personal protective equipment to shield from radiant heat and molten splashes]]

Sand casting requires a lead time of days, or even weeks sometimes, for production at high output rates (1–20 pieces/hr-mold) and is unsurpassed for large-part production. Green (moist) sand, which is black in color, has almost no part weight limit, whereas dry sand has a practical part mass limit of {{convert|2300|-|2700|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. Minimum part weight ranges from {{convert|0.075|-|0.1|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. The sand is bonded using clays, chemical binders, or polymerized oils (such as motor oil). Sand can be recycled many times in most operations and requires little maintenance.