Editing Messianic Judaism (section)

==History==

===Pre-19th century===
Efforts by [[Jewish Christians]] to [[Christian mission to Jews|proselytize to Jews]] began in the [[Apostolic Age|1st century]], when [[Paul the Apostle]] preached at the [[synagogue]]s in each city that he visited.{{sfn|Barnett|2002|p=367}} However, by the 4th century CE, non-biblical accounts of missions to the Jews{{efn|Such as [[Epiphanius of Salamis]]' record of the conversion of [[Joseph of Tiberias|Count Joseph of Tiberias]] and [[Sozomen]]'s accounts of other Jewish conversions.}} do not mention converted Jews playing any leading role in proselytization.<ref name="Stemberger"/> Notable converts from Judaism who attempted to convert other Jews are more visible in historical sources beginning around the 13th century when Jewish convert [[Pablo Christiani]] attempted to convert other Jews. This activity, however, typically lacked any independent Jewish-Christian congregations and was often imposed through force by organized Christian churches.{{sfn|Flannery|1985|p=129}}

===19th and early 20th centuries===
{{Main|Hebrew Christian Movement}}
In the 19th century, some groups attempted to create congregations and societies of Jewish converts to Christianity, though most of these early organizations were short-lived.{{sfn|Ariel|2006|p=192}} Early formal organizations run by converted Jews include the Anglican [[London Society for promoting Christianity among the Jews]] of [[Joseph Frey]] (1809),<ref name=Moscrop/> which published the first [[Bible translations by language|Yiddish New Testament]] in 1821;{{sfn|Greenspoon|1998|ps=: The first Yiddish New Testament distributed by the BFBS was published by the London Jews Society in 1821; the translator was Benjamin Nehemiah Solomon, "a convert from Judaism, who [had come] over to England from Poland."}}{{Verify source|date=December 2022}} the "Beni Abraham" association, established by Frey in 1813 with a group of 41 [[Jewish Christian]]s who started meeting at Jews' Chapel, London for prayers Friday night and Sunday morning;{{sfn|Cohn-Sherbok|2000|p=16|ps=: "On 9 September 1813 a group of 41 Jewish Christians established the Beni Abraham association at Jews' Chapel. These Jewish Christians met for prayer every Sunday morning and Friday evening."}} and the London [[Hebrew Christian Alliance of Great Britain]] founded by Dr. [[Carl Schwartz]] in 1866.<ref name=Schwartz1870/>

The September 1813 meeting of Frey's "Beni Abraham" congregation at the rented "Jews' Chapel" in [[Spitalfields]] is sometimes pointed to as the birth of the semi-autonomous [[Hebrew Christian movement]] within Anglican and other established churches in Britain.{{sfn|Sobel|1968|pp=241–250|ps=: "Hebrew Christianity was born in England at the beginning of the nineteenth century through the efforts of a group of converts calling themselves the ''Beni Abraham'', or Sons of Abraham. It was on 9 September 1813 that a group of forty-one Jewish converts to Christianity met in London setting forth their purposes as being 'to attend divine worship at the chapel and to visit daily two by two in rotation any sick member, to pray with him and read the Bible to him; and on Sunday all who could were to visit the sick one'."}} However, the minister of the chapel at Spitalfields evicted Frey and his congregation three years later, and Frey severed his connections with the society.{{sfn|Gidney|1908|p=[https://archive.org/details/historylondonso00gidngoog <!-- quote=The Jews' Chapel, Spitalfields, had to be given up in 1816. --> 57]|ps=: "The Jews' Chapel, Spitalfields, had to be given up in 1816, as the minister refused his consent to its being licensed as a place of worship of the Church of England. Frey's connexion with the Society ceased in the same year, and he left for America."}} A new location was found and the Episcopal Jew's Chapel Abrahamic Society registered in 1835.{{sfn|Cohn-Sherbok|2003}}

In [[Eastern Europe]], [[Joseph Rabinowitz]] established a Hebrew Christian mission and congregation called "Israelites of the New Covenant" in [[Kishinev|Kishinev, Bessarabia]], in 1884.{{sfn|Kessler|2005|p=180}}{{sfn|Cohn-Sherbok|2000|pp=18, 19, 24}}{{sfn|Ariel|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r3hCgIZB790C&pg=PA19 19]}} In 1865, Rabinowitz created a sample order of worship for Sabbath morning service based on a mixture of Jewish and Christian elements. Mark John Levy pressed the Church of England to allow members to embrace Jewish customs.{{sfn|Cohn-Sherbok|2000|pp=18, 19, 24}}

In the United States, a congregation of Jewish converts to Christianity was established in New York City in 1885.<ref name=NYT18851012/> In the 1890s, immigrant Jewish converts to Christianity worshipped at the [[Methodism|Methodist]] "Hope of Israel" mission on New York's [[Lower East Side]] while retaining some Jewish rites and customs.{{sfn|Ariel|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r3hCgIZB790C&pg=PA9 9]}} In 1895, the 9th edition of Hope of Israel's ''Our Hope'' magazine carried the subtitle "A Monthly Devoted to the Study of Prophecy and to Messianic Judaism", the first use of the term "Messianic Judaism".{{sfn|Rausch|1982b}}{{sfn|Harris-Shapiro|1999|p=27}} <!-- Balmer supports the following TWO sentences -->In 1894, Christian missionary [[Leopold Cohn (Christian clergyman)|Leopold Cohn]], a convert from Judaism, founded the Brownsville Mission to the Jews in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn, New York as a Christian mission to Jews. After several changes in name, structure, and focus, the organization is now called [[Chosen People Ministries]].{{sfn|Balmer|2004|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Vjwly0QyeU4C&dq=Encyclopedia+of+evangelicalism&pg=PA154 154{{ndash}}155]}}

In the early 1900s, there was a community of Messianic Jews in [[South Africa]] representing themselves as "Christian Jews" whose goal was to create a "true and genuine Christ-loving Jewish Christian Synagogue".<ref name = "TMJ" />

Missions to the Jews saw a period of growth between the 1920s and the 1960s.<ref name=Ariel2006p191/>{{sfn|Ariel|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r3hCgIZB790C&q=advocated%20offspring%20rhetoric%20Shalom&pg=PA191 191]}} In the 1940s and 1950s, missionaries in Israel, including the [[Southern Baptist Convention|Southern Baptists]], adopted the term {{transliteration|he|meshichyim}} ({{lang|he|משיחיים|rtl=yes}}, "messianics") to counter negative connotations of the word {{transliteration|he|notsrim}} ({{lang|he|נוצרים|rtl=yes}}, "Christians"). The term was used to designate all Jews who had converted to Protestant Evangelical Christianity.<ref name=Ariel2006p194/>

===Modern-day Messianic Judaism movement, 1960s onwards===
The Messianic Jewish movement emerged in the United States in the 1960s.<ref name="Feher1998p140"/>{{sfn|Juster|Hocken|2004|p=15}} Prior to this time, Jewish converts assimilated into [[gentile]] Christianity, as the church required abandoning their Jewishness and assuming gentile ways to receive baptism. [[Peter Hocken]] postulates that the Jesus movement, which swept the nation in the 1960s, triggered a change from Hebrew Christians to Messianic Jews and was a distinctly [[charismatic movement]]. These Jews wanted to "stay Jewish while believing in Jesus". This impulse was amplified by the results of the [[Six-Day War]] and the restoration of Jerusalem to Jewish control.{{sfn|Hocken|2009|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ziw73-alUrMC&pg=PA97 97-100]}}<ref name = "Kinzer2005" />{{sfn|Harris-Shapiro|1999|p=286}}

====Foundational organizations====
In 2004, there were 300 Messianic congregations in the United States, with roughly half of all attendants being Gentiles and roughly one-third of all congregations comprising 30 or fewer members.{{sfn|Juster|Hocken|2004|p=10}} Many of these congregations belong to the International Association of Messianic Congregations and Synagogues (IAMCS), the Union of Messianic Congregations (UMJC), or Tikkun International.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

The [[Messianic Jewish Alliance of America]] (MJAA) began in 1915 as the Hebrew Christian Alliance of America (HCAA).<ref>Ariel, Y. (2016). THEOLOGICAL AND LITURGICAL COMING OF AGE: NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MESSIANIC JUDAISM AND EVANGELICAL CHRISTIANITY. Hebrew Studies, 57, 381–391. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44072313</ref> As the idea of maintaining Jewish identity spread in the late 1960s, the Hebrew Christian Alliance of America (HCAA) changed its name to the Messianic Jewish Alliance of America (MJAA).{{sfn|Juster|1995|pp=152–153|ps=: "In 1975, the Alliance changed its name to the Messianic Jewish Alliance, reflecting the growing Jewish identity of Jewish followers of Yeshua.[…] Hebrew-Christianity, at times, saw Jewishness as merely an ethnic identity, whereas Messianic Judaism saw its Jewish life and identity as a continued call of God."}} [[David A. Rausch|David Rausch]] writes that the change "signified far more than a semantical expression—it represented an evolution in the thought processes and religious and philosophical outlook toward a more fervent expression of Jewish identity."{{sfn|Rausch|1982a|p=77}} {{As of|2005}}, the MJAA was an organization of Jewish members who welcome non-Jews as "honored associates".{{sfn|Robinson|2005|p=42}} In 1986, the MJAA formed a congregational branch called the International Alliance of Messianic Congregations and Synagogues (IAMCS).<ref name="IAMCS_home"/>

In June 1979, 19 congregations in North America met at Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, and formed the [[Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations]] (UMJC).{{sfn|Juster|1995|p=155}} In 2022, it would have 75 congregations in 8 countries.<ref>Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations, [https://www.umjc.org/learn-1 OUR HISTORY], umjc.org, USA, retrieved October 22, 2022</ref><!-- This paragraph quote was previously just abandoned at the bottom of this section; if it can be placed in some context, i.e. some text around it that isn't just a quote, then it can stay, but otherwise, just seems out of place and near-promotional. "Tikkun International is a Messianic Jewish umbrella organization for an apostolic network of leaders, congregations and ministries in covenantal relationship for mutual accountability, support and equipping to extend the Kingdom of God in America, Israel, and throughout the world."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tikkunministries.org/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016180209/http://www.tikkunministries.org/ |archive-date=2019-10-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> -->
In 2016, Douglas Hamp founded The Way Congregation near Denver, CO. with the concept of recognizing fundamentalist Christian beliefs<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Way Congregation - What We Believe |url=https://thewaycongregation.com/what-we-believe |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=thewaycongregation.com}}</ref> and yet embracing One Law Theology, Two House Theology (see sections below), and [[Commonwealth Theology]].  Their website states the fellowship was founded "to serve as a bridge between the Jews and the gentile Church."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Way Congregation - Our Story |url=https://thewaycongregation.com/our-story |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=thewaycongregation.com}}</ref> Non-Jewish congregants are not encouraged to convert to Judaism and Jewish attendants are encouraged to celebrate their Jewish heritage. Hamp blames the heretic [[Marcion of Sinope|Marcion]] for mainstream Christianity's juxtaposition of Law and Grace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haunted Theology |url=https://thewaycongregation.com/media/gb3mg9q/haunted-theology |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=The Way Congregation}}</ref> On the other hand, the Congregation meets on the Sabbath, celebrates the Feasts, and teaches conformance to the Dietary Laws given through Moses.