Editing Max Nordau (section)

== Zionism ==
[[File:Lilien Max Nordau.jpg|thumb|200px|Portrait of Nordau by [[Ephraim Moses Lilien]]]]

=== Dreyfus affair ===

Nordau's conversion to Zionism is in many ways typical of the rise of Zionism amongst Western European Jewry. The [[Dreyfus affair]] was central to [[Theodor Herzl]]'s conviction that Zionism was now necessary.  Herzl's views were formed during his time in France where he recognized the universality of antisemitism; the Dreyfus Affair cemented his belief in the failure of assimilation. Nordau also witnessed the Paris mob outside the École Militaire crying ''"à morts les juifs!"'' ("death to the Jews!").

His role of friend and advisor to Herzl, who was working as the correspondent for the Viennese ''Neue Freie Presse'', began here in Paris. This trial went beyond a miscarriage of justice and in Herzl's words "contained the wish of the overwhelming majority in France, to damn a Jew, and in this one Jew, all Jews".  Whether or not the [[antisemitism]] manifested in France during the Dreyfus affair was indicative of the majority of the French or simply a very vocal minority is open to debate. However, the very fact that such sentiment had manifested itself in France was particularly significant. This was the country often seen as the model of the modern [[Age of Enlightenment|enlightened]] age, that had given Europe the Great Revolution and beginnings of [[Jewish emancipation]].

=== Failure of emancipation ===

Nordau's work as a critic of European civilization and where it was heading certainly contributed to his eventual role in Zionism. One of the central tenets of Nordau's beliefs was evolution, in all things, and he concluded that emancipation was not born out of evolution. French rationalism of the 18th century, based on pure logic, demanded that all men be treated equally.  Nordau perceived Jewish Emancipation the result of "a regular equation: Every man is born with certain rights; the Jews are human beings, consequently the Jews are born to own the rights of man."  This Emancipation was written in the statute books of Europe, but contrasted with popular social consciousness. It was this which explained the apparent contradiction of equality before the law. Yet the existence of antisemitism, and in particular 'racial' antisemitism, was no longer based on old religious bigotry.  Nordau cited England as an exception to this continental antisemitism that proved the rule. "In England, Emancipation is a truth … It had already been completed in the heart before legislation expressly confirmed it." Only if Emancipation came from changes within society, as opposed to abstract ideas imposed upon society, could it be a reality. Nordau's rejection of the accepted idea of Emancipation was not based entirely on the Dreyfus Affair. It had manifested itself much earlier in ''The Conventional Lies of Our Civilisation'' ''(Die konventionellen Lügen der Kulturmenschheit)'' (1883), and in reviling 'degenerate' and 'lunatic' antisemitism in ''Degeneration'' ''(Die Entartung)'' (1892).

===Muscular Judaism===
Nordau also, at the 1898 Zionist Congress, coined the term "[[muscular Judaism]]" (''Muskeljudentum'') as a descriptor of a Jewish culture and religion which directed its adherents to reach for certain moral and corporeal ideals which, through discipline, agility and strength, would result in a stronger, more physically assured, Jew who would outshine the long-held stereotype of the weak, intellectually sustained, Jew. He further explored the concept of the "muscle Jew" in a 1900 article of the ''[[Jewish Gymnastics Journal]]''.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NCR5wsB2j8IC&q=%22muscular+Judaism | title = Muscular Judaism: the Jewish Body and the Politics of Regeneration | first = Todd Samuel | last = Presner | publisher = Routledge | year = 2007 | isbn = 9780415771788}}</ref>