Editing Massage (section)

== History ==
[[File:Thai massage.jpg|thumb|right|Drawings of [[acupressure]] points on [[Sen line]]s at [[Wat Pho]] temple in [[Thailand]]]]

=== Ancient times ===
Archaeological evidence of massage has been found in many ancient civilizations including [[China]], [[India]], [[Japan]], [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], [[Greece]], and [[Mesopotamia]].

2330 BC: The Tomb of Akmanthor<ref>{{Cite web |title=File:Akmanthor.jpg&nbsp;— Wikimedia Commons |date=22 February 2004 |url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Akmanthor.jpg |access-date=15 August 2012 |publisher=Commons.wikimedia.org}}</ref> (also known as "The Tomb of the Physician") in [[Saqqara]], Egypt, depicts two men having work done on their feet and hands, possibly depicting a massage.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Krapp |first1=Kristine M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJNqAAAAMAAJ&q=Egypt,+depicts+two+men+having+work+done+on+their+feet+and+hands,+possibly+depicting+a+massage |title=The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine |last2=Longe |first2=Jacqueline L. |date=2001 |publisher=Gale Group |isbn=978-0-7876-5002-5 |pages=1470 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Akmanthor.jpg|thumb|Akmanthor]]

1363–912 BC: The word ''muššuʾu'' ("massage") is written for the first time on a [[Middle Assyrian Empire|Middle Assyrian]] tablet. Its use is described in a list of recipes concerning diseases of the foot.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sibbing-Plantholt |first=Irene |date=January–April 2013 |title=Book review BÖCK, B. — Das Handbuch Muššu’u 'Einreibung'. |url=https://www.academia.edu/4154039/_2013_Book_review_B%C3%96CK_B_Das_Handbuch_Mu%C5%A1%C5%A1u_u_Einreibung_Bibliotheca_Orientalis_70_1_2_130_132 |journal=Bibliotheca Orientalis |volume=70 |issue=1-2 |pages=130–132 |via=Academia.edu}}</ref>

722–481 BC: ''[[Huangdi Neijing]]'' is composed during the Chinese [[Spring and Autumn period]]. The Nei-jing is a compilation of medical knowledge known up to that date, and is the foundation of traditional Chinese medicine. Massage is referred to in 30 different chapters of the Nei Jing. It specifies the use of different massage techniques and how they should be used in the treatment of specific ailments, and injuries. Also known as "The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon," the text refers to previous medical knowledge from the time of the [[Yellow Emperor]] ({{circa|2700{{nbsp}}BC}}), misleading some into believing the text itself was written during the time of the Yellow Emperor (which would predate written history).<ref>Kellogg, J. H. (1895). ''The Art of Massage'', p. 9.</ref><ref>Calvert, Robert Noah (2002). ''The History of Massage'', p. 35.</ref><ref>Steinfeld, Alan (2003). ''Careers in Alternative Medicine'', p. 48.</ref><ref name=Claire />

762 BC: In the Iliad and the Odyssey, massage with oils and aromatic substances is mentioned as a means to relax the tired limbs of warriors and as a way to help the treatment of wounds.<ref name=":0" />

700 BC: [[Bian Que]], the earliest known Chinese physician, uses massage in medical practice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bian Que: A Legendary Doctor |url=http://english.eastday.com/e/zx/userobject1ai4059567.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807223016/http://english.eastday.com/e/zx/userobject1ai4059567.html |archive-date=7 August 2014 |access-date=5 August 2014 |website=www.english.eastday.com/}}</ref>

500 BC: [[Jīvaka|Jīvaka Komarabhācca]] was an Indian physician who according to the Pāli [[Buddhist]] Canon was [[Shakyamuni Buddha]]'s physician. Jivaka is sometimes credited with founding and developing a style of massage that led to the type of massage practiced in modern Thailand. Though this claim is disputed.

493 BC: A possible biblical reference documents daily "treatments" with oil of [[myrrh]] as a part of the beauty regimen of the wives of Xerxes ([[Esther]], 2:12).<ref name="nccam">{{Cite web |date=1 September 2006 |title=Massage Therapy as CAM |url=http://nccih.nih.gov/health/massage/ |access-date=26 September 2007 |publisher=The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)}}</ref>

460 BC: [[Hippocrates]] wrote "The physician must be experienced in many things, but assuredly in rubbing."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Massage therapy |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/Massage_therapy |access-date=5 September 2006 |website=www.health.harvard.edu|date=September 2006 }}</ref>

300 BC: [[Charaka Samhita]], sometimes dated to 800 BCE, is one of the oldest of the three ancient treatises of [[Ayurvedic]] medicine, including massage. [[Sanskrit]] records indicate that massage had been practiced in India long before the beginning of recorded history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayurveda, History of Ayurveda |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46631/Ayurveda/281886/History-of-Ayurveda |access-date=5 August 2014 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>

AD 1st or 2nd: [[Galen]] mentioned Diogas (Διόγας) who was an ''iatralipta'' (ἰατραλείπτης) (rubber and anointer/physiotherapist).<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DD%3Aentry+group%3D11%3Aentry%3Ddiogas-bio-1 A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Diogas]</ref>

AD 581: China establishes a department of massage therapy within the Office of Imperial Physicians.

=== Middle Ages ===
One of the greatest Persian medics was [[Avicenna]], also known as Ibn Sina, who lived from 980 AD to 1037 AD. His works included a comprehensive collection and systematization of the fragmentary and unorganized Greco-Roman medical literature that had been translated Arabic by that time, augmented by notes from his own experiences. One of his books, ''Al-Qānūn fī aṭ-Ṭibb'' ([[The Canon of Medicine]]) has been called the most famous single book in the history of medicine in both East and West. Avicenna excelled in the logical assessment of conditions and comparison of symptoms and took special note of analgesics and their proper use as well as other methods of relieving pain, including massage.

AD 1150: Evidence of massage abortion, involving the application of pressure to the pregnant [[abdomen]], can be found in one of the [[bas relief]]s decorating the temple of [[Angkor Wat]] in [[Cambodia]]. It depicts a [[demon]] performing such an abortion upon a woman who has been sent to the [[underworld]]. This is the oldest known visual representation of abortion.<ref name="potts">{{Cite book |last1=Potts |first1=Malcolm |title=Gynecology and Obstetrics |last2=Campbell |first2=Martha |date=2002 |volume=6 |chapter=History of contraception |chapter-url=http://big.berkeley.edu/ifplp.history.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217025152/http://big.berkeley.edu/ifplp.history.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2008 |url-status=dead |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>

In Southeast Asia, massage traditions and techniques have already been entrenched in the people's diverse cultures for centuries before trade contact with Europe in the 16th century. In the [[Philippines]], a distinct massage and healing tradition called [[hilot]] developed,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/129612/healing-hands-hilot | title=The healing hands of a hilot | date=15 April 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/12/11/hilot-to-become-developmental-science/ | title=Hilot to become developmental science | website=[[Manila Bulletin]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Domingo |first=Katrina |date=Sep 6, 2021 |title=License for albularyos? Senate bills seek regulating traditional, alternative medicine |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/09/06/21/regulation-on-hilot-albularyo-other-traditional-medicine-sought |website=ABS-CBN}}</ref> while in [[Thailand]], the tradition of massage that developed was called [[Thai massage|nuad thai]]. Nuad thai was declared in 2019 as a [[UNESCO]] intangible cultural heritage.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/nuad-thai-traditional-thai-massage-01384 | title=UNESCO - Nuad Thai, traditional Thai massage }}</ref>

=== 18th and 19th centuries ===
AD 1776: [[Jean Joseph Marie Amiot]] and [[Pierre-Martial Cibot]], French missionaries in China translate summaries of [[Huangdi Neijing]], including a list of [[Medicinal plants|medical plants]], exercises, and elaborate massage techniques, into the French language, thereby introducing Europe to the highly developed Chinese system of medicine, medical-gymnastics, and medical-massage.<ref name="Claire" />

AD 1776: [[Pehr Henrik Ling]], a Swedish physical therapist and teacher of medical-gymnastics, is born. Ling has often been erroneously credited for having invented "Classic Massage", also known as "Swedish Massage", and has been called the "Father of Massage".<ref name="Calvert">{{Cite web |last=Calvert |first=Robert Noah |title=Swedish Massage |url=http://www.massagemag.com/Magazine/2002/issue100/history100.php |access-date=15 June 2013 |publisher=Massage Magazine |name-list-style=vanc |archive-date=24 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224084509/http://www.massagemag.com/Magazine/2002/issue100/history100.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Parmod |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ct_6DwAAQBAJ&dq=known+as+%22Swedish+Massage%22,+and+has+been+called+the+%22Father+of+Massage%22.&pg=PA161 |title=Sports Medicine, Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation |date=2020-09-03 |publisher=Friends Publications (India) |isbn=978-93-88457-98-9 |pages=161 |language=en}}</ref>{{why|date=November 2023}}

AD 1779: Frenchman Pierre-Martial Cibot publishes "Notice du Cong-fou des Bonzes Tao-see", also known as "The Cong-Fou of the Tao-Tse", a French language summary of medical techniques used by Taoist priests. According to English historian of China [[Joseph Needham]], Cibot's work "was intended to present the physicists and physicians of Europe with a sketch of a system of medical gymnastics which they might like to adopt—or if they found it at fault they might be stimulated to invent something better. This work has long been regarded as of cardinal importance in the history of physiotherapy because it almost certainly influenced the Swedish founder of the modern phase of the art, Pehr Hendrik Ling. Cibot had studied at least one Chinese book but also got much from a Christian neophyte who had become expert in the subject before his conversion."<ref>'' Science and Civilization in China'' by Joseph Needham, Vol. 5, page 17</ref>

AD 1813: The Royal Gymnastic Central Institute for the training of gymnastic instructors was opened in Stockholm, Sweden, with [[Pehr Henrik Ling]] appointed as principal. Ling developed what he called the "Swedish Movement Cure". Ling died in 1839, having previously named his pupils as the repositories of his teaching. Ling and his assistants left a little proper written account of their methods.<ref name=Claire /><ref>1886: [[Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and Art|Chamber's Journal of Popular Literature, Science and Arts]], Volume 3 By William Chambers, Robert Chambers (page 594).</ref><ref name="Ottosson">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ottosson A |year=2010 |title=The first historical movements of kinesiology: scientification in the borderline between physical culture and medicine around 1850 |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |volume=27 |issue=11 |pages=1892–1919 |doi=10.1080/09523367.2010.491618 |pmid=20653114 |s2cid=205633105}}</ref>

AD 1868: Dutch massage practitioner Johan Georg Mezger applies French terms to name five basic massage techniques,<ref name=Calvert /> and coins the phrase "Swedish massage system". These techniques are still known by their French names (effleurage (long, gliding strokes), petrissage (lifting and kneading the muscles), friction (firm, deep, circular rubbing movements), tapotement (brisk tapping or percussive movements) and vibration (rapidly shaking or vibrating specific muscles)).

=== Modern times ===
==== China ====
[[File: Massage room in Shanghai.jpg|thumb|Massage room in Shanghai, China]]
As of 2005, with the city of [[Shanghai]] alone there were an estimated 1,300–2,000 foot massage centers, with more than 3,000 in [[Shenzhen]]. It was also estimated that there were nearly 30,000 massage workers in Shanghai and over 40,000 in Shenzhen.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ye X, Wong O, Fu H |date=December 2005 |title=World at work: health hazards among foot massage workers in China |journal=Occupational and Environmental Medicine |volume=62 |issue=12 |pages=902–4 |doi=10.1136/oem.2005.020099 |pmc=1740926 |pmid=16299101}}</ref> The average rate of pay for a worker in the massage industry in China is over 10,000 yuan per month, making them a well-paying job in China's service sector.<ref>{{Cite web |last=李松 |title=Massage therapists top service sector pay list – China – Chinadaily.com.cn |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-12/13/content_27651021.htm |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref>

==== United States ====
Massage started to become popular in the United States in the middle part of the 19th century<ref name=nccam/> and was introduced by two [[New York (state)|New York]] [[physicians]], George and Charles Taylor, based on [[Pehr Henrik Ling]]'s techniques developed in [[Sweden]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Massage Therapy {{!}} Massage Therapy Journal |url=https://www.amtamassage.org/publications/massage-therapy-journal/history-of-massage/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=American Massage Therapy Association |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Fritz">{{Cite book |last=Fritz |first=Sandy |title=Mosby's Fundamentals of Therapeutic Massage – E-Book |date=2016 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=9780323413961 |page=18}}</ref>

During the 1930s and 1940s, massage's influence decreased as a result of medical advancements of the time, while in the 1970s massage's influence grew once again with a notable rise among athletes.<ref name=nccam/> Until the 1970s, [[nurses]] used massage to reduce pain and aid sleep.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 December 2004 |title=Hospitals Getting a Grip: Massage Therapy Finds Place in Patient Care for FM and More |work=Los Angeles Times |url=http://www.immunesupport.com/library/showarticle.cfm/id/6151/searchtext/massage%20and%20cancer%20pain |access-date=31 August 2007 |vauthors=MacGregor H |archive-date=28 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928014114/http://www.immunesupport.com/library/showarticle.cfm/id/6151/searchtext/massage%20and%20cancer%20pain/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Popular books and videos, such as [[Massage for Relaxation]], helped introduce massage to popular culture outside of a health setting. The massage therapy industry is continuously increasing. In 2009, U.S. consumers spent between $4 and $6&nbsp;billion on visits to massage therapists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Growing Massage Therapy Industry |url=http://teachingmassage.com/why-massage-school.html |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=Central Maryland School of Massage |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516190411/https://www.teachingmassage.com/why-massage-school.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2015, research estimates that massage therapy was a $12.1&nbsp;billion industry.<ref>IBIS World Industry Report OD6028 Massage Services, November 2015</ref>

All but five states require massage therapists to be licensed, and licensure requires the applicant to receive training at an accredited school, and to pass a comprehensive exam. Those states that require licensure also typically require continuing education in massage techniques and in ethics.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=10 July 2024 |title=Massage Therapy State Licensing Requirements |url=https://www.abmp.com/practitioners/state-requirements |access-date=10 July 2024 |work=Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals}}</ref>

==== United Kingdom ====
The service of massage or "physiological shampooing" was advertised in ''[[The Times]]'' from as early as 1880. Adverts claimed it as a cure for obesity amongst other chronic ailments.<ref>"Classified Advertising", ''The Times'' (page 14), 4 March 1880</ref>

==== Sports, business and organizations ====
[[File:2006INGTaipeiMarathon-138.jpg|thumb|right|Marathon runners receiving massages at the 2004 ING Taipei International Marathon]]
Massage developed alongside athletics in both [[Ancient China]] and [[Ancient Greece]]. [[Taoist]] priests developed massage in concert with their [[Kung Fu]] [[gymnastic]] movements, while [[Ancient Olympic Games|Ancient Greek Olympians]] used a specific type of trainer ("aleiptes")<ref>{{Cite web |title=CTCWeb Glossary: A (abnocto to Avesta) |url=http://ablemedia.com/ctcweb/glossary/glossarya.html |access-date=15 August 2012 |publisher=Ablemedia.com}}</ref> who would rub their muscles with oil. [[Pehr Henrik Ling|Pehr Ling's]] introduction to massage also came about directly as a result of his study of gymnastic movements.

The [[1984 Summer Olympics]] in [[Los Angeles]] was the first time that massage therapy was televised as it was being performed on the athletes. And then, during the [[1996 Summer Olympics]] in [[Atlanta]] massage therapy was finally offered as a core medical service to the US Olympic Team.<ref name="facts">{{Cite web |title=Massage Facts |url=http://www.ncbtmb.com/consumers_massage_facts.php |access-date=27 September 2007 |publisher=National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage & Bodywork |archive-date=9 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109222934/http://www.ncbtmb.com/consumers_massage_facts.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Massage has been employed by businesses and organizations such as the [[U.S. Department of Justice]], [[Boeing]] and [[Reebok]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2000 |title=Massage craze: Hands-on therapy attracting more patients |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/alternative/12/28/massage.therapy/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616201443/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/alternative/12/28/massage.therapy/index.html |archive-date=16 June 2006 |access-date=31 August 2007 |publisher=CNN |vauthors=Goodman T}}</ref> Athletes such as [[Michael Jordan]] and [[LeBron James]] have personal massage therapists that at times even travel with them.