Editing Mass killing (section)

== Topology ==
[[Benjamin Valentino]] outlines two major categories of mass killings: dispossessive mass killing and coercive mass killing. The first category defines three types: communist, ethnic, and territorial, containing the following scenarios of [[ethnic cleansing]], killings that accompany agrarian reforms in some [[Communist state]]s, and killings during [[colonial expansion]], among others. The second category includes the types: counterguerrilla, terrorist, and imperialist, containing the following scenarios of killing during [[counterinsurgent]] [[warfare]], and killings as part of the [[imperialist]] conquests by the [[Axis powers]] during the [[World War II]], among others.{{sfn|Straus|2007|p=116|ps=: "Among them, Valentino identifies two major types, each with three subtypes. The first major type is 'dispossessive mass killing,' which includes (1) 'communist mass killings' in which leaders seek to transform societies according to communist principles; (2) 'ethnic mass killings,' in which leaders forcibly remove an ethnic population; and (3) mass killing as leaders acquire and repopulate land. The second major type of mass killing is 'coercive mass killing,' which includes (1) killing in wars when leaders cannot defeat opponents using conventional means; (2) 'terrorist' mass killing when leaders use violence to force an opposing side to surrender; and (3) killing during the creation of empires when conquering leaders try to defeat resistance and intimidate future resistance."}}

{|class="wikitable"
|+ Topology of mass killings as defined by Valentino, 2003{{sfn|Valentino|2004|p=70}}
|-style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
!Type
!Scenario
!Examples{{refn|It is not a complete list of all examples.|group=nb}}
|-
|
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"|Dispossessive mass killing
|-
|style="font-weight:bold;"|Communist
|Agricultural collectivization and political terror
|The Holodomor (1931–1933)<br>Great Leap Forward (1958–1962)<br>Cambodian genocide (1975–1979)
|-
|style="font-weight:bold;"|Fascist
|Political terror and ethnic cleansing
|Spanish White Terror (1936–1975)<br>The Holocaust (1939–1945)<br>Argentine Dirty War (1974–1983)
|-
|style="font-weight:bold;"|Ethnic
|Ethnic cleansing
|Turkish Armenia (1915–1918)<br>The Holocaust (1939–1945)<br>Rwandan genocide (1994)
|-
|rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"|Territorial
|Colonial enlargement
|American Indian Wars (15th–20th centuries)<br>Genocide of the Herero in German South-West Africa (1904–1907)
|-
|Expansionist wars
|German annexation of western Poland (1939–1945)<br>Genocide of the Herero in German South-West Africa (1904–1907)
|-
|
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"|Coercive mass killing
|-
|style="font-weight:bold;"|Counterguerrilla
|Guerrilla wars
|Algerian war of independence from France (1954–1962)<br>Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979–1989)<br>Ethiopian civil war (1970s–1980s)
|-
|rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"|Terrorist
|Terror bombing
|Allied bombings of Germany and Japan (1940–1945)<br>The Blitz (1940–1941)
|-
|Starvation blockades/siege warfare
|Allied naval blockade of Germany (1914–1919)<br>Nigerian land blockade Biafra (1967–1970)
|-
|Sub-state/insurgent terrorism
|FLN terrorism in Algerian war of independence against France (1954–1962)<br>RENAMO terrorism in Mozambique (1976–1992)<br>AUC terrorism in Colombia (1997–2008)
|-
|style="font-weight:bold;"|Imperialist
|Imperial conquests and rebellions
|German occupation of Western Europe (1940–1945)<br>Japan's empire in East Asia (1910–1945)
|}