Editing Maryland (section)

===17th century===
====Maryland's first colonial settlement====
{{Main|Province of Maryland}}
Present-day Maryland was originally inhabited by tribes such as the [[Piscataway people|Piscataway]] (including the [[Patuxent people|Patuxent]]), the [[Nanticoke people|Nanticoke]] (including the [[Tockwogh|Tocwogh]], the [[Ozinie]] and other subdivisions), the [[Powhatan]], the [[Lenape]], the [[Susquehannock]], the [[Shawnee]], the [[Tutelo]], the [[Saponi]], the [[Pocomoke people|Pocomoke]] and the [[Massawomeck people|Massawomeck]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maryland Indian Tribes and Languages |url=https://www.native-languages.org/maryland.htm |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=www.native-languages.org}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|date=September 2024}} [[George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore]] (1579–1632), sought a charter from King [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] for the territory between [[Massachusetts]] to the north and [[Virginia]] to the immediate south.<ref name="Stewart 1967 42–43">{{Cite book|last=Stewart
|first= George R.|author-link= George R. Stewart|title= Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States|orig-year= 1945 |edition= Sentry (3rd)|year= 1967 |publisher= [[Houghton Mifflin]]|pages= 42–43}}</ref>
After Baltimore died in April 1632, the charter was granted to his son, [[Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore]] (1605–1675), on June 20, 1632. Officially, the new "Maryland Colony" was named in honor of [[Henrietta Maria of France]], wife of Charles I.{{sfn|Marsh|2011|p=5}} Lord Baltimore initially proposed the name "Crescentia", the land of growth or increase, but "the King proposed Terra Mariae [Mary Land], which was concluded on and inserted in the bill."<ref name=":1" />

The original capital of Maryland was [[St. Mary's City, Maryland|St. Mary's City]], on the north shore of the [[Potomac River]], and the county surrounding it was the first erected and created in the province,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/photos/lowe/html/sm_2.html|title=Maryland In Focus—St. Mary's County|first=Kristin P.|last=Masser|website=Maryland State Archives|access-date=September 6, 2017|archive-date=October 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010135440/http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/photos/lowe/html/sm_2.html|url-status=live}}</ref> first called Augusta Carolina, after the King, and later named [[St. Mary's County, Maryland|St. Mary's County]].<ref>''History of Maryland'', p. 32</ref>

Lord Baltimore's first settlers arrived in the new colony in March 1634, with his younger brother, [[Leonard Calvert]] (1606–1647), as the first provincial [[Governor of Maryland]]. They made their first permanent settlement at [[St. Mary's City, Maryland|St. Mary's City]] in what is now [[St. Mary's County, Maryland|St. Mary's County]]. They purchased the site from the [[paramount chief]] of the region, who was eager to establish trade. St. Mary's became the first [[state capital|capital]] of Maryland, and remained so for 60 years until 1695. More settlers soon followed. Their tobacco crops were successful and quickly made the new colony profitable. However, given the incidence of [[malaria]], [[yellow fever]], and [[typhoid]], life expectancy in Maryland was about 10 years less than in [[New England]].<ref name=iha>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ushistory.org/us/5a.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322155310/http://www.ushistory.org/us/5a.asp|url-status=dead|title=Maryland—The Catholic Experiment |archive-date=March 22, 2016|website=www.ushistory.org}}</ref>

====Persecution of Catholics====
{{See also|Plundering Time}}
Maryland was founded to provide a haven for England's [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] minority.<ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{Cite news |last=Greenwell |first=Megan |author-link=Megan Greenwell |date=August 21, 2008 |title=Religious Freedom Byway Would Recognize Maryland's Historic Role |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/15/AR2008081504104.html |access-date=May 3, 2014 |archive-date=February 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217132059/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/15/AR2008081504104.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Although Maryland was the most heavily Catholic of the English mainland colonies, the religion was still in the minority, consisting of less than 10% of the total population.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Slavery's Capitalism: A New History of American Economic Development|last=Wilder|first=Craig Steven|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|year=2016|isbn=978-0-8122-4841-8|editor-last=Beckert|editor-first=Seth|location=Philadelphia, PA|page=233|chapter=War and Priests: Catholic Colleges and Slavery in the Age of Revolution|editor-last2=Rockman|editor-first2=Seth}}</ref>

In 1642, several [[Puritans]] left [[Virginia]] for Maryland and founded the city of Providence, now called [[Annapolis, Maryland|Annapolis]], on the western shore of the upper [[Chesapeake Bay]].<ref>Taylor, Owen M., ''History of Annapolis'' (1872) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Vr9ib-I1WlIC p. 5]</ref> A dispute with traders from Virginia over [[Kent Island]] in the Chesapeake led to armed conflict. In 1644, [[William Claiborne]], a Puritan, seized Kent Island while his associate, the [[Roundheads|pro-Parliament]] Puritan [[Richard Ingle]], took over St. Mary's.<ref>Brenner, Robert. ''Merchants and Revolution'' London:Verso. 2003, {{ISBN|1-85984-333-6}}</ref> Both used religion as a tool to gain popular support. The two years from 1644 to 1646 when Claiborne and his Puritan associates held sway were known as "The Plundering Time". They captured Jesuit priests, imprisoned them, and then sent them back to England.

In 1646, [[Leonard Calvert]] returned with troops, recaptured St. Mary's City, and restored order. The House of Delegates passed the "Act concerning Religion" in 1649, granting religious liberty to all [[Trinitarianism|Trinitarian]] Christians.<ref name=iha/>

In 1650, the Puritans revolted against the proprietary government. "Protestants swept the Catholics out of the legislature{{spaces}}... and religious strife returned."<ref name=iha/> The Puritans set up a new government prohibiting both [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]] and [[Church of England|Anglicanism]]. The Puritan revolutionary government persecuted Maryland Catholics during its reign, known as the "plundering time". Mobs burned down all the original Catholic churches of southern Maryland. The Puritan rule lasted until 1658, when the Calvert family and Lord Baltimore regained proprietary control and re-enacted the Toleration Act.

After England's [[Glorious Revolution]] in 1688, Maryland outlawed Catholicism. In 1704, the Maryland General Assembly prohibited Catholics from operating schools, limited the corporate ownership of property to hamper religious orders from expanding or supporting themselves, and encouraged the conversion of Catholic children.<ref name=":0" /> The celebration of the Catholic sacraments was also officially restricted. This state of affairs lasted until after the [[American Revolutionary War]] (1775–1783). Wealthy Catholic planters built chapels on their land to practice their religion in relative secrecy.

Into the 18th century, individual priests and lay leaders claimed Maryland farms belonging to the Jesuits as personal property and [[bequest|bequeathed]] them to evade the legal restrictions on religious organizations' owning property.<ref name=":0" />