Editing Mary, Queen of Scots (section)

=== Treaty of Greenwich ===

[[File:Scottish 22 shillings coin 1553.jpg|thumb|[[Scottish coinage|Gold coin]] (22 Shillings) of 1553: obverse, [[coat of arms of Scotland]]; reverse, [[royal monogram]]]]

Henry VIII of England took the opportunity of the regency to propose marriage between Mary and his own son and heir, [[Edward VI of England|Edward]], hoping for a union of Scotland and England. On 1 July 1543, when Mary was six months old, the [[Treaty of Greenwich]] was signed, which promised that, at the age of ten, Mary would marry Edward and move to England, where Henry could oversee her upbringing.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fraser|1994|pp=17–18}};{{Harvnb|Wormald|1988|p=55}}</ref><ref name="Weirp8"/> The treaty provided that the two countries would remain legally separate and, if the couple failed to have children, the temporary union would dissolve.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fraser|1994|p=18}}; {{Harvnb|Guy|2004|p=25}}; {{Harvnb|Wormald|1988|p=55}}</ref>  Cardinal Beaton rose to power again and began to push a pro-Catholic pro-French agenda, angering Henry, who wanted to break the [[Auld Alliance|Scottish alliance with France]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Fraser|1994|p=19}}</ref><ref name="Weirp8"/>

Beaton wanted to move Mary away from the coast to the safety of [[Stirling Castle]]. Regent Arran resisted the move but backed down when Beaton's [[Secret Bond|armed supporters gathered at Linlithgow]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Fraser|1994|pp=19–20}}</ref> The [[Matthew Stuart, 4th Earl of Lennox|Earl of Lennox]] escorted Mary and her mother to [[Stirling]] on 27 July 1543 with 3,500 armed men.<ref>{{Harvnb|Guy|2004|p=26}}</ref> Mary was [[Coronation of Mary, Queen of Scots|crowned]] in the castle chapel on 9 September 1543,<ref>{{Harvnb|Fraser|1994|p=21}}; {{Harvnb|Guy|2004|p=27}}</ref><ref name="Weirp8">{{Harvnb|Weir|2008|p=8}}</ref> with "such solemnity as they do use in this country, which is not very costly", according to the report of Ralph Sadler and [[Berwick Pursuivant|Henry Ray]].<ref>Sadler to Henry VIII, 11 September 1543, quoted in {{Harvnb|Clifford|1809|p=289}}; {{Harvnb|Fraser|1994|p=21}}</ref>

Shortly before Mary's coronation, Henry arrested Scottish merchants headed for France and impounded their goods. The arrests caused anger in Scotland, and Arran joined Beaton and became a Catholic.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fraser|1994|pp=20–21}}</ref> The Treaty of Greenwich was rejected by the [[Parliament of Scotland]] in December.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fraser|1994|p=22}}; {{Harvnb|Guy|2004|p=32}}; {{Harvnb|Wormald|1988|p=58}}</ref> The rejection of the marriage treaty and the renewal of the alliance between France and Scotland prompted Henry's "[[Rough Wooing]]", a military campaign designed to impose the marriage of Mary to his son. English forces mounted a series of raids on Scottish and French territory.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wormald|1988|pp=58–59}}</ref> In May 1544, the English [[Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset|Earl of Hertford]] (later [[Duke of Somerset]]) raided Edinburgh, and the Scots took Mary to [[Dunkeld]] for safety.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fraser|1994|pp=23–24}}; {{Harvnb|Guy|2004|pp=33–34}}</ref>

In May 1546, Beaton was murdered by Protestant [[laird]]s,<ref>{{Harvnb|Fraser|1994|p=26}}; {{Harvnb|Guy|2004|p=36}}; {{Harvnb|Wormald|1988|p=59}}</ref> and on 10 September 1547, nine months after the death of Henry VIII, the Scots suffered a heavy defeat at the [[Battle of Pinkie]]. Mary's guardians, fearful for her safety, sent her to [[Inchmahome Priory]] for no more than three weeks and turned to the French for help.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fraser|1994|pp=29–30}}; {{Harvnb|Weir|2008|p=10}}; {{Harvnb|Wormald|1988|p=61}}</ref>

King [[Henry II of France]] proposed to unite France and Scotland by marrying the young queen to his three-year-old son, the [[Dauphin of France|Dauphin]] [[Francis II of France|Francis]]. On the promise of French military help and a French dukedom for himself, Arran agreed to the marriage.<ref>{{Harvnb|Weir|2008|pp=10–11}}</ref> In February 1548, Mary was moved, again for her safety, to [[Dumbarton Castle]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Fraser|1994|p=30}}; {{Harvnb|Weir|2008|p=11}}; {{Harvnb|Wormald|1988|p=61}}</ref> The English left a trail of devastation behind them once more and seized the strategic town of [[Haddington, East Lothian|Haddington]]. In June, the much-awaited French help arrived at [[Leith]] to [[Siege of Haddington|besiege and ultimately take Haddington]]. On 7 July 1548, a Scottish Parliament held at a nunnery near the town agreed to [[Treaty of Haddington|the French marriage treaty]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Guy|2004|pp=40–41}}; {{Harvnb|Wormald|1988|p=62}}</ref>