Editing Martin Kamen (section)

==Career==
From 1936 to 1944, Kamen worked at the Radiation laboratories at the University of California, Berkeley.<ref name="Kresge"/>
Kamen gained a research position in chemistry and [[nuclear physics]] under [[Ernest Lawrence]] by working without pay for six months, until he was hired to oversee the preparation and distribution of the [[cyclotron]]'s products.<ref name="Kresge"/><ref name="Arnold"/> 
Kamen's major achievements during his time at Berkeley included the co-discovery of the [[Chemical synthesis|synthesis]] of [[carbon-14]] with [[Sam Ruben]] in 1940, and the confirmation that all of the oxygen released in photosynthesis comes from water, not carbon dioxide, in 1941.<ref name="Arnold"/><ref name="Nickelsen"/>

From 1941 to 1944, Kamen and others at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory worked on the [[Manhattan Project]].<ref name="HUAC1951">{{cite book |title=The Shameful Years: Thirty Years of Soviet Espionage in the United States |date=December 30, 1951 |publisher=U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Un-American Activities |pages=39–40 |url=https://ia800204.us.archive.org/17/items/shamefulyearsthi1952unit/shamefulyearsthi1952unit.pdf |access-date=15 August 2022}}</ref>
In 1943, Kamen was assigned to Manhattan Project work at [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee]], where he worked briefly before returning to Berkeley.<ref name="Chang">{{cite news |last1=Chang |first1=Kenneth |title=Martin D. Kamen, 89, a Discoverer of Radioactive Carbon-14 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/05/us/martin-d-kamen-89-a-discoverer-of-radioactive-carbon-14.html |access-date=15 August 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=5 September 2002}}</ref> 
In spite of the fact that his scientific capabilities were unquestioned,<ref name="HUAC1951"/> Kamen was fired from Berkeley in July 1944 on suspicion of being a security risk. He was suspected of leaking [[nuclear weapons]] secrets to the [[Soviet Union]] (which at the time was allied with the US and others against [[Nazi Germany]]).<ref name="Creager"/>

Kamen was unable to obtain another academic position until 1945 when he was hired by [[Arthur Holly Compton]] to run the cyclotron program in the [[Washington University School of Medicine|medical school]] of [[Washington University in St. Louis|Washington University]] in [[St. Louis]]. Kamen taught the faculty how to use radioactive tracer materials in research, and continued to develop his interests in [[biochemistry]].<ref name="Arnold"/><ref name="Govindjee"/> His book ''Isotopic Tracers in Biology'' (1947) became a standard text on tracer methodology and highly influenced tracer use in biochemistry.<ref name="Einstein"/>

In 1957, Kamen moved to [[Brandeis University]] in [[Massachusetts]] where he helped [[Nathan Oram Kaplan]] to establish the Graduate Department of Biochemistry.<ref name="Arnold"/><ref name="Kaplan">{{cite news |title=University of California: In Memoriam, 1987 |url=http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb6z09p0jh&chunk.id=div00023&brand=calisphere&doc.view=entire_text |access-date=15 August 2022 |work=University of California Regents |date=1987}}</ref>
In 1961 Kamen joined the [[University of California, San Diego]], where he founded a biochemistry group as part of the university's new department of chemistry.<ref name="Arnold"/>
Kamen remained at the University of California, San Diego, retiring from teaching (but not research) to become an emeritus professor in 1978.<ref name="Govindjee">{{cite journal |last1=Govindjee |first1=Govindjee |last2=Blankenship |first2=Robert E. |title=Martin David Kamen (1913–2002): discoverer of carbon 14, and of new cytochromes in photosynthetic bacteria |journal=Photosynthesis Research |date=September 2021 |volume=149 |issue=3 |pages=265–273 |doi=10.1007/s11120-021-00854-y |pmid=34228227 |bibcode=2021PhoRe.149..265G |s2cid=235744943 |url=https://www.life.illinois.edu/govindjee/recent_papers_files/Govindjee-BlankenshipKamenPRES2021.pdf |access-date=15 August 2022}}</ref><ref name=guardian/>

Martin Kamen died August 31, 2002, at the age of 89 in [[Montecito, California|Montecito]] (Santa Barbara), [[California]].<ref name="Maugh"/>