Editing Marrano (section)

==Demographics==
Under state pressure in the late 14th and early 15th century, over half of Jews in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] converted to Christianity, thus avoiding the [[Alhambra Decree|Decree of Expulsion]] which affected Spain's remaining openly Jewish population in 1492. The numbers who converted and the effects of various migrations in and out of the area have been the subject of historical debate. A [[Phylogeography|phylogeographic]] study in 2008 of 1,150 volunteer [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups]] appeared to support the idea that the number of conversions has been significantly underestimated, as 20% of the tested Iberian population had [[haplogroups]] consistent with [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardi]] ancestry. This percentage was suggested as representing the proportion of Sephardi in the population at the time of mass conversions in the 14th and 15th centuries.<ref>{{Citation |first1=Susan M. |last1=Adams |first2=Elena |last2=Bosch |first3=Patricia L. |last3=Balaresque |year=2008 |title=The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=83 |issue=6 |pages=725–736 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007 |pmid=19061982 |pmc=2668061|display-authors=etal|ref={{harvid|Adams, Bosch, et al.|2008}} }}.</ref> However, the authors concede that other historical population movements from the [[Near East]] such as [[Syrians]] and [[Phoenicians]] may also account for these results.<ref>{{harvp|Adams, Bosch, et al.|2008}}: "Despite alternative possible sources for lineages ascribed a Sephardic Jewish origin, these proportions attest to a high level of religious conversion"</ref><ref>"La cifra de los sefardíes puede estar sobreestimada, ya que en estos genes hay mucha diversidad y quizá absorbieron otros genes de Oriente Medio" ''("The Sephardic result may be overestimated, since there is much diversity in those genes and maybe absorbed other genes from the Middle East")''. ¿Pone en duda Calafell la validez de los tests de ancestros? "Están bien para los americanos, nosotros ya sabemos de dónde venimos" ''(Does Calafell doubt the validity of ancestry tests? "They can be good for the Americans, we already know from where we come from.")'' {{cite web|url=http://www.publico.es/ciencias/180536/tres/culturas/adn |title=Tres culturas en el ADN |work=Público.es |access-date=2009-04-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209005311/http://www.publico.es/ciencias/180536/tres/culturas/adn |archive-date=2009-02-09 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Spanish Inquisition couldn't quash Moorish, Jewish genes |url=http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/39056/title/Spanish_Inquisition_couldn%E2%80%99t_quash_Moorish,_Jewish_genes |first=Tina Hesman |last=Saey |work=Science News |date=4 December 2008 |postscript=none |access-date=6 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629172709/http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/39056/title/Spanish_Inquisition_couldn%E2%80%99t_quash_Moorish,_Jewish_genes |archive-date=29 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}: "''We think it might be an overestimate''" "The genetic makeup of Sephardic Jews is probably common to other Middle Eastern populations, such as the Phoenicians, that also settled the Iberian Peninsula, Calafell says. "''In our study, that would have all fallen under the Jewish label.''"</ref><ref>"El doctor Calafell matiza que (...) los marcadores genéticos usados para distinguir a la población con ancestros sefardíes pueden producir distorsiones". "ese 20% de españoles que el estudio señala como descendientes de sefardíes podrían haber heredado ese rasgo de movimiento más antiguos, como el de los fenicios o, incluso, primeros pobladores neolíticos hace miles de años." "Dr. Calafell clarifies that (...) the genetic markers used to distinguish the population with Sephardim ancestry may produce distortions. The 20% of Spaniards that are identified as having Sephardim ancestry in the study could have inherited that same marker from older movements like the Phoenicians, or even the first Neolithic settlers thousands of years ago" [http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/12/04/ciencia/1228409780.html Elmundo.es] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425044851/http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/12/04/ciencia/1228409780.html |date=2011-04-25 }}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16200-spanish-inquisition-left-genetic-legacy-in-iberia.html |title=Spanish Inquisition left genetic legacy in Iberia |journal=[[New Scientist]] |date=December 4, 2008 |first=Ewen |last=Callaway |access-date=September 4, 2017 |archive-date=March 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328024905/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16200-spanish-inquisition-left-genetic-legacy-in-iberia.html |url-status=live }}.</ref><ref name="Zalloua et al.">{{Citation |first1=Pierre A. |last1=Zalloua |first2=Daniel E. |last2=Platt |first3=Mirvat |last3=El Sibai |year=2008 |title=Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=633–642 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012 |pmid=18976729 |pmc=2668035|display-authors=etal}}.</ref>