Editing Marburg virus disease (section)

== Causes ==
{{Main| Marburgvirus}}
{| class="wikitable" style = "float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center"
|+ Genus ''Marburgvirus'': species and its MVD-causing viruses
|-
| [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|Species name]]
| [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|Virus name (Abbreviation)]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Marburg marburgvirus]]''*
| [[Marburg virus]] (MARV; previously MBGV)
|-
| [[Ravn virus]] (RAVV; previously MARV-Ravn)
|-
|colspan="2"| "*" denotes the type species.
|}

MVD is caused by two viruses; [[Marburg virus|Marburg virus (MARV)]] and [[Ravn virus|Ravn virus (RAVV)]], family Filoviridae.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Steven B. Bradfute |title=Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers |last2=Sina Bavari |last3=Peter B. Jahrling |last4=Jens H. Kuhn |date=2014 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4398-8431-7 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Sunit K. |location=Boca Raton |pages=457–480 |language=en |chapter=Marburg Virus Disease |doi=10.1201/b15172-30 |access-date=28 October 2017 |editor-last2=Ruzek |editor-first2=Daniel |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzzOBQAAQBAJ&q=MVD+is+caused+by+:+Marburg+virus+and+Ravn+virus&pg=PA458}}</ref>{{rp|458}}

Marburgviruses are endemic in [[arid]] [[woodland]]s of [[equatorial Africa]].<ref name="Peterson2004">{{Cite journal |last=Peterson |first=A. T. |last2=Bauer |first2=J. T. |last3=Mills |first3=J. N. |year=2004 |title=Ecologic and Geographic Distribution of Filovirus Disease |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=40–47 |doi=10.3201/eid1001.030125 |pmc=3322747 |pmid=15078595}}</ref><ref name="Pinzon2005">{{Cite journal |last=Pinzon |first=E. |last2=Wilson |first2=J. M. |last3=Tucker |first3=C. J. |year=2005 |title=Climate-based health monitoring systems for eco-climatic conditions associated with infectious diseases |journal=Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=239–243 |pmid=16267968}}</ref><ref name="Peterson2006">{{Cite journal |last=Peterson |first=A. T. |last2=Lash |first2=R. R. |last3=Carroll |first3=D. S. |last4=Johnson |first4=K. M. |year=2006 |title=Geographic potential for outbreaks of Marburg hemorrhagic fever |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=9–15 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2006.75.1.0750009 |pmid=16837700 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=1808/6529}}</ref> Most marburgvirus infections were repeatedly associated with people visiting natural [[cave]]s or working in [[mining|mines]]. In 2009, the successful isolation of infectious MARV and RAVV was reported from healthy [[Egyptian fruit bat]] caught in caves.<ref name="Kortepeter2020" /><ref name="Towner2009">{{Cite journal |last=Towner |first=J. S. |last2=Amman |first2=B. R. |last3=Sealy |first3=T. K. |last4=Carroll |first4=S. A. R. |last5=Comer |first5=J. A. |last6=Kemp |first6=A. |last7=Swanepoel |first7=R. |last8=Paddock |first8=C. D. |last9=Balinandi |first9=S. |last10=Khristova |first10=M. L. |last11=Formenty |first11=P. B. |last12=Albarino |first12=C. G. |last13=Miller |first13=D. M. |last14=Reed |first14=Z. D. |last15=Kayiwa |first15=J. T. |year=2009 |editor-last=Fouchier |editor-first=Ron A. M. |title=Isolation of Genetically Diverse Marburg Viruses from Egyptian Fruit Bats |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=5 |issue=7 |pages=e1000536 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1000536 |pmc=2713404 |pmid=19649327 |doi-access=free |last16=Mills |first16=J. N. |last17=Cannon |first17=D. L. |last18=Greer |first18=P. W. |last19=Byaruhanga |first19=E. |last20=Farnon |first20=E. C. |last21=Atimnedi |first21=P. |last22=Okware |first22=S. |last23=Katongole-Mbidde |first23=E. |last24=Downing |first24=R. |last25=Tappero |first25=J. W. |last26=Zaki |first26=S. R. |last27=Ksiazek |first27=T. G. |last28=Nichol |first28=S. T. |last29=Rollin |first29=P. E.}}</ref> This isolation strongly suggests that [[Old World]] [[Megabat|fruit bats]] are involved in the natural maintenance of marburgviruses and that visiting bat-infested caves is a risk factor for acquiring marburgvirus infections. Further studies are necessary to establish whether Egyptian rousettes are the actual hosts of MARV and RAVV or whether they get infected via contact with another animal and therefore serve only as intermediate hosts. Another risk factor is contact with nonhuman primates, although only one outbreak of MVD (in 1967) was due to contact with infected monkeys.<ref name=Siegert1967/>

Contrary to [[Ebola virus disease|Ebola virus disease (EVD)]], which has been associated with heavy [[rain]]s after long periods of dry weather,<ref name=Pinzon2005/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tucker |first=C. J. |last2=Wilson |first2=J. M. |last3=Mahoney |first3=R. |last4=Anyamba |first4=A. |last5=Linthicum |first5=K. |last6=Myers |first6=M. F. |year=2002 |title=Climatic and Ecological Context of the 1994–1996 Ebola Outbreaks |journal=Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=144–52}}</ref> triggering factors for spillover of marburgviruses into the human population have not yet been described.