Editing Maponos (section)

==Evidence for Maponos==
===Epigraphy===
The evidence is mainly epigraphic: Maponos is attested in Britain in a military context,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fleuriot |first=Léon |title=Le vocabulaire de l'inscription gauloise de Chamalières |journal=Études Celtiques |volume=15 |issue=1 |date=1976 |pages=173–190 [189] |doi=10.3406/ecelt.1976.1570 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ecelt_0373-1928_1976_num_15_1_1570 |lang=FR |quote=[R. Bromwich] souligne que le culte de Maponos était particulièrement populaire parmi des officiers romains (beaucoup d’entre eux sans doute étaient d’origine celtique) stationnés dans le Nord de la Grande-Bretagne, dans le Northumberland, Cumberland, Lancashire où l’on a trouvé des dédicaces à Maponos. |trans-quote= [R. Bromwich] assigns that the cult of Maponos was particularly popular among Roman soldiers (especially among those of undoubtedly Celtic origin) stationed in Northern Great Britain, in Northumberland, Cumberland and Lancashire, where dedications to Maponos are found.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Irby-Massie |first=Georgia L. |chapter=Celtic Healer and Warrior Maiden |title=Military Religion in Roman Britain |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |publisher=Brill |date=1999 |pages=142–157 [145] |doi=10.1163/9789004351226_006 |isbn=978-90-04-35122-6 |quote=A cult of Maponus is attested, in six British inscriptions, four of which equate the god with Apollo and were made by members of the sixth legion. ... High-ranking officers patronized Maponus' cult, significantly the only British cult to attract prominent attention at Corbridge.}}</ref> and in Gaul in a civilian milieu.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hutton |first=Ronald |title=Pagan Britain |pages=340–396 [363–364] |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |date=2014 |doi=10.12987/9780300198584-011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Maier |first1=Bernhard |last2=Windle |first2=Kevin |chapter=Gallo-Roman Culture |title=The Celts: A History From Earliest Times to the Present |pages=117–134 [123–124] |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |date=2017 |doi=10.1515/9781474427210-012|isbn=978-1-4744-2721-0 }}</ref>

Maponos (“Great Son”) is mentioned in [[Gaul]] at [[Bourbonne-les-Bains]] ([[Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] 13, 05924) and at [[Chamalières]] (RIG L-100) but is attested chiefly in the north of [[Great Britain|Britain]] at [[Brampton, Carlisle, Cumbria|Brampton]], [[Corbridge]] (ancient [[Coria (Corbridge)|Coria]]), [[Ribchester]] (In antiquity, [[Bremetenacum Veteranorum]]) and [[Chesterholm]] (in antiquity, [[Vindolanda]]). Some inscriptions are very simple such as ''Deo Mapono'' ("to the god Maponos") from Chesterholm (AE 1975, 00568). At Corbridge are two dedications (RIB 1120 and RIB 1121) ''Apollini Mapono'' ("to Apollo Maponos") and one (RIB 1122) ''[Deo] / [M]apo[no] / Apo[llini]'' ("to the god Maponos Apollo"). The inscription at Brampton (RIB 2063) by four Germans is to the god Maponos and the [[numen]] of the emperor:.

<blockquote>''Deo / Mapono / et n(umini) Aug(usti) / Durio / et Ramio / et Trupo / et Lurio / Germa/ni v(otum) s(olverunt) l(ibentes) m(erito)''<br>"To the god Maponos and to the [[Imperial cult (ancient Rome)|Numen of Augustus]], the [[Germanic peoples|Germani]] Durio, Ramio, Trupo and Lurio have fulfilled their [[votum|vow]] willingly, as is deserved."</blockquote>

[[File:Roman altar, North Nave Aisle, Hexham Abbey - geograph.org.uk - 749305.jpg|thumb|upright|Inscription on a Roman-era altar at [[Hexham Abbey]]: "To Apollo Maponos, Quintus Terentius Firmus, son of Quintus, of the [[Roman tribes#The Servian tribes|''tribus Oufentina'']], from Saena [and] [[Praefectus castrorum|prefect of the camp]], [[List of Roman legions|Legio VI Victrix Pia Fidelis]], has dedicated this gift"<ref>CIL VII 1345 = RIB 1, 1120: ''Apollini/ Mapono/ Q(uintus) Terentius/ Q(uinti) f(ilius) Ouf(entina)/ Firmus Saen(a)/ praef(ectus) castr(orum)/ leg(ionis) VI v(ictricis) p(iae) f(idelis)/ d(onum) d(edit)''</ref>]]

This inscription (RIB 583) by a unit of [[Sarmatians]] based at Ribchester shows the association with Apollo and also can be precisely dated to the day (''pridie Kalendas Septembres'', or 29 August in the [[Roman calendar]]) and the year (241 CE, by mention of the [[List of late imperial Roman consuls|two consuls]]).

:''Deo san(cto) / [A]pollini Mapono / [pr]o salute d(omini) n(ostri) / [et] n(umeri) eq(uitum) Sar/[m(atarum)] Bremetenn(acensium) / [G]ordiani / [A]el(ius) Antoni/nus |(centurio) leg(ionis) VI / vic(tricis) domo / Melitenis / praep(ositus) et pr(aefectus) / v(otum) s(olvit) l(ibens) m(erito) / [de]dic(atum) pr(idie) Kal(endas) Sep(tembres) / [Im]p(eratore) d(omino) n(ostro) Gord[i]/[ano A]ug(usto) II e[t] Pon[peia]no(!) co(n)s(ulibus)''

The preceding inscriptions are all in Latin. The name is also found on the inscription from Chamalières, which is a relatively long magical text (12 lines) written in [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]] on a rolled lead sheet. The second line calls for the help of Maponos (here in the accusative singular, Maponon: ''artiu maponon aruerriíatin'' (RIG L-100).

===Iconography===
There are at least three statues to Maponos. In one, he is depicted as a harper and stands opposite a Celtic Diana huntress figure. A sketch of this image appears in Ann Ross' ''Pagan Celtic Britain''.<ref name="Jones">{{cite web |last1=Jones |first1=Mary |title=Apollo Maponos |url=http://www.maryjones.us/jce/maponos.html |website=Jones's Celtic Encyclopedia |access-date=4 August 2019}}</ref>

===Toponymy===
Two items of place-name evidence also attest to Maponos in Britain. Both are from the 7th-century [[Ravenna Cosmography]]. ''Locus Maponi'' (Richmond & Crawford #228) or "the place of Maponos", is thought to be between [[Lochmaben]] and [[Lockerbie]] (the name Lochmaben may be derived from Locus Maponi, with the ''p'' to ''b'' sound shift). ''Maporiton'' (Richmond & Crawford #163) or "the ford of Maponos" is thought to be Ladyward, near Lockerbie. The [[Lochmaben Stone]] lies near Gretna on the farm named Old Graitney, the old name for Gretna. The name Clachmaben, meaning 'stone of Maben or Maponos', has become corrupted to Lochmaben. This stone was probably part of a stone circle and the area is thought to have been a centre for the worship of Maponus. An inscription from [[Birrens]] in Scotland (RIB-3, 3482 / AE 1968, 254) mentions a ''lo(cus) Mabomi'', which is often regarded as a stone-cutter's error for ''locus *Maponi''.<ref name=":0" />

===Coligny Calendar===
The fifteenth day of Riuros on the [[Coligny calendar]] is marked with the name Mapanos, which might be a reference to a festival for Maponos.<ref name=Jones />