Editing Manzanar (section)

== Establishment ==
[[File:Yuki-Okinaga-Hayakawa-1942-Clem-Albers.jpg|thumb|Two-year-old [[Yuki Okinaga Llewellyn|Yuki Okinaga Hayakawa]] waits at [[Union Station (Los Angeles)|Union Station]] for the train taking her and her mother to Manzanar (April 1942)<ref>{{cite news |last=Marble |first=Steve |date=July 17, 2020 |title=Yuki Llewellyn, a child of Manzanar whose image touched America, dies at 80|url=https://www.latimes.com/obituaries/story/2020-07-17/yuki-llewellyn-manzanar-photo-union-station-world-war-ii-dead |url-status=live |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719045954/https://www.latimes.com/obituaries/story/2020-07-17/yuki-llewellyn-manzanar-photo-union-station-world-war-ii-dead |archive-date=July 19, 2020 |access-date=October 16, 2020}}</ref>]]
[[File:MANZ entrance,-adams.JPG|thumb|right|Wooden sign at entrance to the Manzanar War Relocation Center]]
After the December 7, 1941, [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], the United States Government swiftly moved to begin solving the "[[Japanese Problem]]" on the West Coast of the United States.<ref name="Reflections2">Embrey (1998), p. 2.</ref> In the evening hours of that same day, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) arrested selected "enemy [[alien (law)|aliens]]", including more than 5,500 [[Issei]] men.<ref name="DenshoAboutIncarceration">{{cite web | title=About The Incarceration | publisher=[[Densho: The Japanese American Legacy Project]] | url=http://encyclopedia.densho.org/history | year=2017 | access-date=June 1, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527212300/http://encyclopedia.densho.org/history/ | archive-date=May 27, 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> Many citizens in California were alarmed about potential activities by people of Japanese descent.<ref name="smithsonian mag 20180119">{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/great-los-angeles-air-raid-terrified-citizenseven-though-no-bombs-were-dropped-180967890/ |title=The Great Los Angeles Air Raid Terrified Citizens&nbsp;– Even Though No Bombs Were Dropped |first=Lorraine |last=Boissoneault |date=January 19, 2018 |work=[[Smithsonian Magazine]] |access-date=June 5, 2020 |archive-date=September 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929062023/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/great-los-angeles-air-raid-terrified-citizenseven-though-no-bombs-were-dropped-180967890/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

On February 19, 1942, President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] signed [[Executive Order 9066]], which authorized the [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]] to designate military commanders to prescribe military areas and to exclude "any or all persons" from such areas. The order also authorized the construction of what were later called "relocation centers" by the [[War Relocation Authority]] (WRA), to house those who were to be excluded.<ref name="Reflections3">Embrey (1998), p. 3.</ref> This order resulted in the forced relocation of more than 120,000 Japanese Americans, two-thirds of whom were native-born [[United States nationality law|American citizens]]; the rest had been prevented from becoming citizens by federal law.<ref name="nakanishi 2003">Nakanishi (2003).</ref><ref name="AAPacificNorthwest">{{cite web | work=Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest | title=History of Washington State & The Pacific Northwest: Lesson 22: Asian Americans and the Modern Pacific Northwest | url=http://www.washington.edu/uwired/outreach/cspn/Website/Classroom%20Materials/Pacific%20Northwest%20History/Lessons/Lesson%2022/22.html | publisher=University of Washington | date=July 1998 | access-date=December 28, 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711010751/http://www.washington.edu/uwired/outreach/cspn/Website/Classroom%20Materials/Pacific%20Northwest%20History/Lessons/Lesson%2022/22.html | archive-date=July 11, 2011 | url-status=live }}</ref> Over 110,000 were incarcerated in the ten concentration camps located far inland and away from the coast.<ref name="DenshoAboutIncarceration" />

Manzanar was the first of the [[Internment of Japanese Americans#WRA Relocation Centers|ten concentration camps]] to be established,<ref name="Reflections15">Embrey (1998), p. 15.</ref> and began accepting detainees in March 1942.<ref name="JACLPOw">{{cite web | publisher=National JACL Power of Words II Committee | title=Power of Words Handbook: A Guide to Language about Japanese Americans in World War II – Understanding Euphemisms and Preferred Terminology | url=https://jacl.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Power-of-Words-Rev.-Term.-Handbook.pdf | date=April 27, 2013 | access-date=October 11, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715002655/https://jacl.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Power-of-Words-Rev.-Term.-Handbook.pdf | archive-date=July 15, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nps japanese americans manzanar">{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/manz/learn/historyculture/japanese-americans-at-manzanar.htm |title=Japanese Americans at Manzanar |date=May 22, 2020 |publisher= National Park Service|access-date=June 2, 2020 |archive-date=April 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428031604/https://www.nps.gov/manz/learn/historyculture/japanese-americans-at-manzanar.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Initially, it was a temporary "reception center", known as the ''Owens Valley Reception Center'' from March 21, 1942, to May 31, 1942.<ref name="Reflections15" /><ref name="mcstotts 2010"/><ref name="hansen 52">Hansen, p. 52.</ref> At that time, it was operated by the US Army's Wartime Civilian Control Administration (WCCA).<ref name="hansen 52"/><ref name="CAE162">Burton ''et al.'' (1999), p. 162.</ref>  
The first director of the camp was [[Calvin E. Triggs]], a longtime veteran of the [[Works Progress Administration]] (WPA), a signature program of the [[Second New Deal]]. Many of his fellow employees had worked in that agency. Manzanar, according to one insider, was "manned just about 100% by the WPA."   Drawing on experiences derived from New Deal era road building, Triggs, funded primarily through the WPA, supervised the installation of such features as guard towers and spotlights.<ref>{{cite book |last=Beito | first=David T. | title=The New Deal's War on the Bill of Rights: The Untold Story of FDR's Concentration Camps, Censorship, and Mass Surveillance | edition=First | pages=1812–183| location=Oakland | publisher=Independent Institute | year=2023 | isbn=978-1598133561}}</ref>

The Owens Valley Reception Center was transferred to the WRA on June 1, 1942, and officially became the "Manzanar War Relocation Center".<ref name="hansen 52"/> The first Japanese Americans to arrive at Manzanar were volunteers who helped build the camp. By mid–April, up to 1,000 Japanese Americans were arriving daily, and by July, the population of the camp neared 10,000.<ref name="CAE162–163">Burton ''et al.'' (1999), pp. 162–163.</ref> About 90 percent of the incarcerated were from the Los Angeles area,<ref name="hansen 52"/> with the rest coming from [[Stockton, California|Stockton]], [[California]]; and [[Bainbridge Island]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]].<ref name="CAE162–163" /> Many were farmers<ref name="heitz 3"/> and fishermen. Manzanar held 10,046 adults and children at its peak, and a total of 11,070 were incarcerated there.<ref name="NPSHistoryCulture" /><ref name="nps manzanar daily life">{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/manz/dailyLife.html |title=Daily Life |access-date=June 2, 2020 |work=Manzanar National Historic Site |archive-date=March 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311095429/https://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/manz/dailyLife.html |url-status=live |publisher= National Park Service}}</ref>