Editing Manuel L. Quezon (section)

==Congressional career==

===House of Representatives (1907–1916)===
[[File:Manuel L. Quezon 1908.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Quezon as a member of the [[Philippine Assembly]], 1908]]
[[File:MANUELQUEZON (cropped).jpg|alt=Formal photo of a young Quezon|thumb|left|150px|Quezon as [[Resident Commissioner of the Philippines]]]]
Quezon was elected in 1907 to represent [[Quezon|Tayabas]]'s [[Quezon's 1st congressional district|1st district]] in the first [[Philippine Assembly]] (which later became the House of Representatives) during the [[1st Philippine Legislature]], where he was [[Majority Floor Leader of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|majority floor leader]] and chairman of the committees on rules and appropriations.  Quezon told the [[House of Representatives of the United States|U.S. House of Representatives]] during a 1914 discussion of the [[Jones Law (Philippines)|Jones Bill]] that he received most of his primary education at the village school established by the Spanish government as part of the Philippines' free public-education system.<ref name="Quezon">{{Cite book |last=Quezon |first=Manuel Luis |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer;cc=philamer;idno=anu3845.0001.001;frm=frameset;view=image;seq=43;size=100;page=root |title=Philippine Assembly, Third Legislature, Third Session, Document No.4042-A 87 Speeches of Manuel L. Quezon, Philippine resident commissioner, delivered in the House of Representatives of the United States during the discussion of Jones Bill, 26 September-14 October 1914 |publisher=Bureau of Printing |year=1915 |location=Manila, Philippines |page=35 |language=es |trans-title=Asamblea Filipina, Tercera Legislatura, Tercer Período de Sesiones, Documento N.<sup><u>o</u></sup> 4042-A 87, Discursos del Manuel L. Quezon, comisionado residente de Filipinas, Pronunciados en la Cámara de representantes de los Estados Unidos con motivo de la discusión del Bill Jones, 26, septiembre-14, octubre, 1914 |chapter=Escuelas públicas durante el régimen español |trans-chapter=Public schools during the Spanish regime |quote=... there were public schools in the Philippines long before the American occupation, and, in fact, I have been educated in one of these schools, even though my hometown is such a small town, isolated in the mountains of the Northeastern part of the island of Luzon. (Spanish). [... había escuelas públicas en Filipinas mucho antes de la ocupación americana, y que, de hecho, yo me había educado en una de esas escuelas, aunque mi pueblo natal es un pueblo tan pequeño, aislado en las montañas de la parte Noreste de la isla de Luzón.] |access-date=24 July 2010 |chapter-url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=anu3845.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=42&size=100 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201022046/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer;cc=philamer;idno=anu3845.0001.001;frm=frameset;view=image;seq=43;size=100;page=root |archive-date=1 December 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Months before his term ended, he gave up his seat at the Philippine Assembly upon being appointed as one of the Philippines' two [[Resident Commissioner of the Philippines|resident commissioners]]. Quezon aimed for the Resident Commissioner seat in 1909, which was held by Nacionalista [[Pablo Ocampo]]. He won decisively with 61 out of 71 votes, while Ocampo received four votes, and a third candidate got none.<ref name="HistoryHouseGov-Quezon" /> 

Quezon arrived in [[Washington, D.C.]], in December 1909 and made his residence in [[Champlain Apartment Building|Champlain Apartment House]]. Due to him not being well-versed in the English language, he hired a tutor and self-studied a Spanish–English dictionary. During his time in the US, he received the nickname "Casey" among his American friends.<ref name="HistoryHouseGov-Quezon" />

He served two terms as resident commissioner from 1909 to 1916, he lobbied for the passage of the Philippine Autonomy Act (the [[Jones Law (Philippines)|Jones Law]]).<ref name="HistoryHouseGov-Quezon" />

====Controversy with Benito Legarda====
In the fall of 1910, disagreements between [[Benito Legarda]] and Quezon, and between the [[Philippine Commission]] and the [[Philippine Assembly]], caused issues for their re-elections as resident commissioners. The assembly did not certify Legarda's nomination because he was against immediate independence of the Philippines, leading the commission to reject Quezon's candidacy. After months of failed attempts to resolve the problem, the House extended their terms until October 1912. In November 1912, Quezon suggested [[Manuel Earnshaw]] to replace retiring Legarda, and Quezon was re-elected.<ref name="HistoryHouseGov-Quezon" />

===Senate (1916–1935)===
[[File:Senator Manuel Quezon (Philippine Education).jpg|thumb|175px|Portrait of Quezon as a Senator, from the ''Philippine Education'' (1917)]]
[[File:Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina's passport application.jpg|thumb|Quezon on his U.S. passport application in 1918]]
[[File: Manuel Luis Quezon, (center), with representatives from the Philippine Independence Mission.jpg|thumb|alt=Six formally-dressed men|left|Senate President Quezon (third from left) with representatives of the Philippine Independence Mission in 1924]]

In October 14, 1916, Quezon received the highest number of votes for the [[Philippines's 5th senatorial district|Fifth Senatorial District]] and was confirmed Senator-elect by Governor-General [[Francis Burton Harrison]] under Executive Order No. 73.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philippines |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=xqcrAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA2105&dq=quezon+Senator+elected&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwitgvG4iuaMAxXkyjgGHSKjLcAQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=quezon%20Senator%20elected&f=false |title=Official Gazette |date=1916 |language=en}}</ref> Due to the passage of the Jones Law, he resigned as resident commissioner in October 15, 1916. A farewell banquet was organized for him at the [[Willard InterContinental Washington|Willard Hotel]] by his friends and acquaintances in Washington.<ref name="HistoryHouseGov-Quezon" /> He then returned to Manila.<ref name="Bowman-Columbia" /> In October 16, 1916, the new Philippine Legislature under the Jones Law was inaugurated. That same day, the new bicameral legislature convened with Quezon being elected [[President of the Senate of the Philippines|Senate President]].<ref name="Onorato">{{Cite journal |last=Onorato |first=Michael P. |date=1966 |title=The Jones Act and the Establishment of a Filipino Government, 1916-1921 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42720121 |journal=Philippine Studies |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=448–459 |issn=0031-7837}}</ref>{{Rp|page=453}} He served continuously until 1935 (19 years), the longest tenure in history until Senator [[Lorenzo Tañada]]'s four consecutive terms (24 years, from 1947 to 1972). Quezon headed the first independent mission to the U.S. Congress in 1919, and secured passage of the [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]] in 1934.<ref name="Bowman-Columbia" />

====Rivalry with Osmeña====
{{See also|1922 Philippine Senate elections#Quezon-Osmeña spilt|1921 financial crisis of the Philippines}}
In 1921, Quezon made a public campaign against House Speaker [[Sergio Osmeña]] accusing him of being an autocratic leader and blamed him for the [[Philippine National Bank]]'s financial mess. Both Osmeña and Quezon debated on this until 1922. As a result, the Nationalista Party was split into two. Quezon also resigned as Senate President that same year in January.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gripaldo |first=Rolando M. |date=1991 |title=The Quezon-Osmeña Split of 1922 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42633241 |journal=Philippine Studies |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=158–175 |jstor=42633241 |issn=0031-7837}}</ref>

In 1922, he became leader of the [[Nacionalista Party]] alliance Partido Nacionalista-Colectivista.<ref name="Bowman-Columbia">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john |title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture |date=2000 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=0231500041 |editor-last=Bowman |editor-first=John S. |page=[https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john/page/494 494] |access-date=18 May 2019 |url-access=registration}}</ref> As Osmeña joined the 1922 Senate elections, Quezon's faction won. The party once again reunited with Quezon as senate president and Osmeña as senate president pro tempore.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Rood |first=Steven |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=JmCpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65&dq=quezon+independence+mission&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpk4ifleaMAxW-4zgGHYCgLH0Q6AF6BAgEEAM#v=onepage&q=quezon%20independence%20mission&f=false |title=The Philippines: What Everyone Needs to Know |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-092060-9 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1933, both Quezon and Osmeña clashed regarding the ratification of the [[Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act|Hare–Hawes–Cutting bill]] in the Philippine Legislature.<ref name="Gripaldo">{{Cite journal |last=Gripaldo |first=Rolando |date=2017 |title=Quezon and Osmeña on the Hare-Hawes Cutting and Tydings-McDuffie Act |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/54021405/Quezon_and_Osmena_on_the_Hare-Hawes-Cutting_and_Tydings-McDuffie_Acts_2017a.pdf |journal=Quezon-Winslow Correspondence and Other Essays}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=The Freeman |title=Sergio Osmeña, Sr. |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2019/06/26/1929616/sergio-osmea-sr |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=Philstar.com}}</ref> As a result of the HHC controversy, Quezon's faction gained more support and won against Osmeña's faction in the [[1934 Philippine Senate elections|1934 senate elections]].<ref name=":0" />