Editing Manuel I of Portugal (section)

==Reign==
===Imperial expansion===
{{main|Portuguese discoveries|Portuguese Empire}}
[[File:Flag Manuel I of Portugal.svg|thumb|right|upright|King Manuel's [[royal standard]], depicting an [[armillary sphere]], became a symbol of the [[Portuguese Empire]]'s global expanse and eventually Portugal itself. It can still be seen in [[coat of arms of Portugal|Portugal's coat of arms]] and [[flag of Portugal|its flag]].]]
Manuel would prove a worthy successor to his cousin [[John II of Portugal|John II]] for his support of [[Portugal in the period of discoveries|Portuguese exploration]] of the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and development of Portuguese commerce. During his reign, the following achievements were realised:

1498 – The discovery of a maritime route to [[India]] by [[Vasco da Gama]].{{sfn|Sanceau|1970|p=168}}{{sfn|Marques|1976|p=214}}<br>
1500 – The voyage to [[Brazil]] by [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]].{{sfn|Livermore|1976|p=139}}{{sfn|Marques|1976|p=226}}<br>
1501 – The voyage to [[Labrador]] by [[Gaspar Corte-Real|Gaspar]] and [[Miguel Corte-Real|Miguel]] Corte-Real.{{sfn|Marques|1976|p=227}}{{sfn|Stephens|1891|page=175}}<br>
1503 – The construction of the first [[feitoria]] in Brazil by [[Fernão de Loronha]] and of a fort in the allied [[Kingdom of Cochin]] in India by [[Afonso de Albuquerque]].{{sfn|Sanceau|1970|p=168}}<br>
1505 – The construction of forts at [[Kilwa]], [[Sofala]], [[Anjediva Island|Angediva]], and [[Kannur|Cannanore]] by [[Francisco de Almeida]] as the first [[viceroy of India]].{{sfn|Marques|1976|p=232-233}}<br>
1506 – The capture of [[Essaouira]] in Morocco by Diogo de Azambuja.{{sfn|Marques|1976|p=214}}<br>
1507 – The capture of [[Socotra]] by [[Tristão da Cunha]] and [[Portuguese Oman|Oman]] by Afonso de Albuquerque.{{sfn|Sanceau|1970|p=169}}<br>
1508 – The capture of [[Safi, Morocco|Safi]] in Morocco by [[Diogo de Azambuja]].{{sfn|Marques|1976|p=214}}<br>
1510 – The capture of [[old Goa|Goa]] in India by [[Afonso de Albuquerque]].{{sfn|Sanceau|1970|p=169}}<br>
1511 – The capture of [[Malacca]] in Malaysia by Afonso de Albuquerque.{{sfn|Sanceau|1970|p=169}}<br>
1513 – The capture of [[Azemmour|Azamor]] in Morocco by [[Jaime, Duke of Braganza|Dom Jaime Duke of Braganza]].{{sfn|Sanceau|1970|p=170}}<br>
1515 – The capture of [[Ormus]] in the Persian Gulf by Afonso de Albuquerque.{{sfn|Sanceau|1970|p=170}}

The [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|capture of Malacca]] in modern-day [[Malaysia]] in 1511 was the result of a plan by Manuel I to thwart the [[Indian Ocean trade|Muslim trade in the Indian Ocean]] by capturing [[Aden]], blocking trade through [[Alexandria]], capturing [[Ormuz]] to block trade through the [[Persian Gulf]] and [[Beirut]], and capturing Malacca to control trade with [[China]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Malabar Manual |year=2000 |edition=Reprint |last=Logan |first=William |author-link=William Logan (author)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mR2QXrVEJIC&pg=RA1-PA312 |page=312|publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120604469 }}</ref>

All these events made Portugal wealthy from foreign trade as it formally established a vast overseas empire. Manuel used the wealth to build a number of royal buildings (in the "[[Manueline]]" style){{sfn|Sanceau|1970|p=167}} and to attract artists to his court.{{sfn|Smith|1968|p=16}}

Commercial treaties and diplomatic alliances were forged with the [[Ming dynasty]] of [[China]] and the Persian [[Safavid dynasty]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} [[Pope Leo X]] received a monumental embassy from Portugal during his reign designed to draw attention to Portugal's newly acquired riches to all of Europe.<ref name="EB1911"/>{{sfn|Sanceau|1970|pages=95-102}}

Like Afonso V, Manuel extended his official title to reflect Portugal's expansion. He styled himself ''King of Portugal and the Algarves, on this side and beyond the Sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and the Lord of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce in Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India''.{{sfn|Newitt|2005|p=55}}{{sfn|Sanceau|1970|page=34}}

===Judicial reform===
In Manuel's reign, royal absolutism was the method of government.{{sfn|Livermore|1976|p=132}} The [[Portuguese Cortes]] (the assembly of the kingdom) met only four times during his reign,{{sfn|Livermore|1976|p=133}} always in [[Lisbon]], the king's seat.

He reformed the courts of justice and the municipal charters with the crown, modernizing taxes and the concepts of tributes and rights.{{sfn|Marques|1976|p=176}} During his reign, the laws in force in the kingdom were recodified with the publication of the [[Manueline Ordinances]].{{sfn|Marques|1976|p=174}}{{sfn|McMurdo|1889|pages=59-60}}

===Religious policy===
[[File:Fons Vitae (c. 1515-1517) - Colijn de Coter (attributed).png|thumb|upright|Manuel with his second wife [[Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal|Maria of Aragon]] and their eight children; by [[Colijn de Coter]], {{circa|1515}}–17.]]
Manuel was a very religious man and invested a large amount of Portuguese income to send missionaries to the new colonies, among them [[Francisco Álvares]], and sponsor the construction of religious buildings,{{sfn|Smith|1968|p=16}} such as the [[Monastery of Jerónimos]].{{sfn|Smith|1968|p=81}}{{sfn|Marques|1976|p=202}} Manuel also endeavoured to promote another crusade against the Turks.<ref name="Soyer2014">{{cite journal |last1=Soyer |first1=François |date=4 June 2014 |title=Manuel I of Portugal and the End of the Toleration of Islam in Castile: Marriage Diplomacy, Propaganda, and Portuguese Imperialism in Renaissance Europe, 1495–1505 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jemh/18/4/article-p331_1.xml |journal=Journal of Early Modern History |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=331–356 |doi=10.1163/15700658-12342416 |access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref>

At the outset of his reign, Manuel relaxed conditions that had kept Jews in virtual slavery under John II.{{sfn|McMurdo|1889|page=53}}{{sfn|Marques|1976|p=212}} However, in 1496, while seeking to marry [[Isabella of Aragon, Princess of Asturias|Infanta Isabella of Aragon]], he relented to pressure from her parents, Ferdinand and Isabella, and decreed that Jews who refused baptism must leave the country.{{sfn|Stephens|1891|page=173}}{{sfn|McMurdo|1889|page=54}} Then, before the deadline for their expulsion he converted all Jews to Christianity by royal decree.{{sfn |Rebelo |2003}}

[[File:D. Manuel I half-length – Museu de Marinha.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Panel portrait of Manuel I]]
That period of time technically ended the presence of Jews in Portugal. Afterwards, all converted Jews and their descendants would be referred to as "[[New Christian]]s" and were given a grace period of thirty years in which no inquiries into their faith would be allowed, which was later extended to end in 1534.<ref>{{cite speech |first=Arthur |last=Benveniste |title=500th Anniversary of the Forced Conversion of the Jews of Portugal |location=Sephardic Temple Tifereth Israel, Los Angeles |date= October 1997}}</ref>{{sfn|Marques|1976|p=213}}

During the [[Lisbon massacre]] of 1506, people murdered thousands of accused Jews. The leaders of the riot were executed by Manuel.{{sfn|Livermore|1976|p=133}}{{sfn|Sanceau|1970|p=129}}

In addition, Manuel also ordered the expulsion of Muslims from Portugal, and he is known to have pressured Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to end the toleration of Islam in their own kingdom.<ref name="Soyer2014" />