Editing Manitoba (section)

== History ==
{{Main|History of Manitoba}}

===Indigenous societies and European settlement===

Modern-day Manitoba was inhabited by the [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] people shortly after the [[Last glacial period|last ice age]] glaciers retreated in the southwest about 10,000 years ago; the first exposed land was the [[Turtle Mountain (plateau)|Turtle Mountain]] area.<ref>{{vcite journal|author=Ritchie, James AM; Brown, Frank; Brien, David|year=2008|title=The Cultural Transmission of the Spirit of Turtle Mountain: A Centre for Peace and Trade for 10,000 Years|journal=General Assembly and International Scientific Symposium|publisher=International Council on Monuments and Sites|volume=16|pages=4–6}}</ref> The [[Ojibwe]], [[Cree]], [[Dene]], [[Sioux]], [[Mandan]], and [[Assiniboine]] peoples founded settlements, and other tribes entered the area to trade. In Northern Manitoba, [[quartz]] was mined to make [[arrowhead]]s. The first farming in Manitoba was along the Red River, where [[Maize|corn]] and other seed crops were planted before contact with Europeans.<ref>{{vcite journal|author=Flynn, Catherine; Syms, E Leigh|date=Spring 1996|title=Manitoba's First Farmers|journal=Manitoba History|publisher=Manitoba Historical Society|issue=31}}</ref>

In 1611, [[Henry Hudson]] was one of the first Europeans to sail into what is now known as Hudson Bay, where he was abandoned by his crew.<ref>{{vcite book|author=Neatby, LH|title=Dictionary of Canadian Biography|publisher=University of Toronto/Université Laval|year=2013|orig-year=1966|editor=Cook, Ramsay|volume=1|pages=374–379|chapter=Henry Hudson|edition=online|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/hudson_henry_1E.html|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212000811/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/hudson_henry_1E.html|archivedate=12 February 2016}}</ref> [[Thomas Button]] travelled this area in 1612 in an unsuccessful attempt to find and rescue Hudson.<ref>{{vcite book|author=Eames, Aled|title=Dictionary of Canadian Biography|publisher=University of Toronto/Université Laval|year=1979|orig-year=1966|editor=Cook, Ramsay|volume=1|pages=144–145|chapter=Sir Thomas Button|edition=online|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/button_thomas_1E.html|url-  status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222132621/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/button_thomas_1E.html|archivedate=22 December 2015}}</ref> When the British ship ''[[Nonsuch (1650 ship)|Nonsuch]]'' sailed into Hudson Bay in 1668–1669, she became the first trading vessel to reach the area; that voyage led to the formation of the Hudson's Bay Company, to which the British government gave absolute control of the entire Hudson Bay watershed. This watershed was named Rupert's Land, after [[Prince Rupert of the Rhine|Prince Rupert]], who helped to subsidize the Hudson's Bay Company.<ref name="simmons">{{vcite book|author=Simmons, Deidre|title=Keepers of the Record: The History of the Hudson's Bay Company Archives|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=2009|pages=19–23, 83–85, 115|isbn=978-0-7735-3620-3}}</ref> [[York Factory, Manitoba|York Factory]] was founded in 1684 after the original fort of the Hudson's Bay Company, Fort Nelson (built in 1682), was destroyed by rival French traders.<ref>{{vcite journal|author=Stewart, Lillian|date=Spring 1988|title=York Factory National Historic Site|journal=Manitoba History|publisher=Manitoba Historical Society|issue=15}}</ref>

[[Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye]], visited the Red River Valley in the 1730s to help open the area for French exploration and trade.<ref>{{vcite book|author=Zoltvany, Yves F|title=Dictionary of Canadian Biography|publisher=University of Toronto/Université Lava|year=2015|orig-year=1974|editor=Cook, Ramsay|volume=3|pages=246–254|chapter=Pierre Gaultier De Varennes et De La Vérendrye|edition=online|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/gaultier_de_varennes_et_de_la_verendrye_pierre_3E.html|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105180950/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/gaultier_de_varennes_et_de_la_verendrye_pierre_3E.html|archivedate=5 January 2016}}</ref> As French explorers entered the area, a [[Montreal]]-based company, the [[North West Company]], began trading with the local Indigenous people. Both the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company built fur-trading forts; the two companies competed in southern Manitoba, occasionally resulting in violence, until they merged in 1821 (the [[Hudson's Bay Company Archives]] in Winnipeg preserve the history of this era).<ref name="simmons"/>

[[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] secured the territory in 1763 after their victory over France in the North American theatre of the [[Seven Years' War]], better known as the [[French and Indian War]] in North America; lasting from 1754 to 1763. The founding of the first agricultural community and settlements in 1812 by [[Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk|Lord Selkirk]], north of the area which is now downtown Winnipeg, led to conflict between British colonists and the Métis.<ref>{{vcite book|author=Gray, John Morgan|title=Dictionary of Canadian Biography|publisher=University of Toronto/Université Laval|year=2015|orig-year=1983|editor=Cook, Ramsay|volume=5|pages=264–269|chapter=Thomas Douglas|edition=online|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/douglas_thomas_5E.html|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222094924/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/douglas_thomas_5E.html|archivedate=22 December 2015}}</ref> Twenty colonists, including the governor, and one Métis were killed in the [[Battle of Seven Oaks (1816)|Battle of Seven Oaks]] in 1816.<ref>{{vcite journal|author=Martin, Joseph E|year=1965|title=The 150th Anniversary of Seven Oaks|journal=MHS Transactions|publisher=Manitoba Historical Society|volume=3|issue=22}}</ref>

=== Confederation ===
[[File:Canada provinces evolution 2.gif|thumb|right|alt=When Canada was formed in 1867 its provinces were a relatively narrow strip in the southeast, with vast territories in the interior. It grew by adding British Columbia in 1871, P.E.I. in 1873, the British Arctic Islands in 1880, and Newfoundland in 1949; meanwhile, its provinces grew both in size and number at the expense of its territories.|Territorial evolution of Canada, 1867–present]]

Rupert's Land was ceded to Canada by the Hudson's Bay Company in 1869 and incorporated into the Northwest Territories; a lack of attention to Métis concerns caused Métis leader [[Louis Riel]] to establish a local provisional government which formed into the Convention of Forty and the subsequent elected [[Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia]] on 9 March 1870.<ref>{{vcite web |title=Indigenous and Northern Relations |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/inr/resources/print,the-legislative-assembly-of-assiniboia.html |publisher=Province of Manitoba|accessdate=21 October 2018|archivedate=14 October 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014010142/https://www.gov.mb.ca/inr/resources/print,the-legislative-assembly-of-assiniboia.html}}</ref><ref>{{vcite web |author==Lawrence, Barkwell |title=A History of the Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia/le Conseil du {{as written|Gover|nement}} Provisoire |url=http://www.legislativeassemblyofassiniboia.ca/sites/default/files/history_legislative_assembly_of_assiniboia_final_w_footnotes.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023084632/http://legislativeassemblyofassiniboia.ca/sites/default/files/history_legislative_assembly_of_assiniboia_final_w_footnotes.pdf |url-status=dead |archivedate=23 October 2018 |publisher=Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia }}</ref> This assembly subsequently sent three delegates to [[Ottawa]] to negotiate with the [[government of Canada|Canadian government]]. This resulted in the ''Manitoba Act'' and that province's entry into [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]]. Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald introduced the ''Manitoba Act'' in the [[House of Commons of Canada]], the bill was given [[Royal Assent]] and Manitoba was brought into Canada as a province in 1870.<ref name="sprague">{{vcite book|author=Sprague, DN|title=Canada and the Métis, 1869–1885|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press|location=Waterloo, ON|year=1988|pages=33–67, 89–129|isbn=978-0-88920-964-0}}</ref> Louis Riel was pursued by British army officer [[Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley|Garnet Wolseley]] because of the rebellion, and Riel fled into exile.<ref>{{vcite book|author=Cooke, OA|title=Dictionary of Canadian Biography|editor=Cook, Ramsay|publisher=University of Toronto/Université Laval|year=2015|orig-year=1998|edition=online|volume=14|chapter=Garnet Joseph Wolseley|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/wolseley_garnet_joseph_14E.html|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615205354/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/wolseley_garnet_joseph_14E.html|archivedate=15 June 2017}}</ref> The Canadian government blocked the Métis' attempts to obtain land promised to them as part of Manitoba's entry into confederation. Facing racism from the new flood of white settlers from Ontario, large numbers of Métis moved to what would become [[Saskatchewan]] and [[Alberta]].<ref name="sprague"/>

[[Numbered Treaties]] were signed in the late 19th century with the chiefs of First Nations that lived in the area. They made specific promises of land for every family. As a result, a [[Indian reserve|reserve system]] was established under the jurisdiction of the [[Government of Canada|federal government]].<ref>{{vcite book|author=Tough, Frank|title=As Their Natural Resources Fail: Native People and the Economic History of Northern Manitoba, 1870–1930|publisher=UBC Press|year=1997|pages=75–79|isbn=978-0-7748-0571-1}}</ref> The prescribed amount of land promised to the native peoples was not always given; this led Indigenous groups to assert rights to the land through [[aboriginal land claim|land claims]], many of which are still ongoing.<ref>{{vcite web|url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/stem/mrd/mines/sustain/first.html|title=First Nations Land Claims|publisher=Government of Manitoba|accessdate=28 October 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030030837/http://www.gov.mb.ca/stem/mrd/mines/sustain/first.html <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archivedate=30 October 2009}}</ref>

The original province of Manitoba was a square one-eighteenth of its current size, and was known colloquially as the "postage stamp province".<ref name="postage">{{vcite journal|author=Kemp, Douglas|date=April 1956|title=From Postage Stamp to Keystone|journal=Manitoba Pageant|publisher=Manitoba Historical Society}}</ref> Its borders were expanded in 1881, taking land from the Northwest Territories and the [[District of Keewatin]], but Ontario claimed a large portion of the land; the disputed portion was awarded to Ontario in 1889. Manitoba grew to its current size in 1912, absorbing land from the Northwest Territories to reach 60°N, uniform with the northern reach of its western neighbours Saskatchewan, Alberta and [[British Columbia]].<ref name="postage" />

The [[Manitoba Schools Question]] showed the deep divergence of cultural values in the territory. The Catholic Franco-Manitobans had been guaranteed a state-supported [[separate school]] system in the original constitution of Manitoba, but a grassroots political movement among English [[Protestantism|Protestants]] from 1888 to 1890 demanded the end of French schools. In 1890, the Manitoba legislature passed a law removing funding for [[Catholic schools in Canada|French Catholic schools]].<ref name="language">{{vcite journal|author=Fletcher, Robert|year=1949|title=The Language Problem in Manitoba's Schools|journal=MHS Transactions|publisher=Manitoba Historical Society|volume=3|issue=6}}</ref> The French Catholic minority asked the federal government for support; however, the [[Orange Order in Canada|Orange Order]] and other anti-Catholic forces mobilized nationwide to oppose them.<ref>{{vcite journal|author=McLauchlin, Kenneth|year=1986|title='Riding The Protestant Horse': The Manitoba Schools Question and Canadian Politics, 1890–1896|journal=Historical Studies|publisher=CCHA|volume=53|pages=39–52}}</ref> The federal [[Conservative Party of Canada (historical)|Conservatives]] proposed remedial legislation to override Manitoba, but they were blocked by the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberals]], led by [[Wilfrid Laurier]].<ref name="language" /> Once elected Prime Minister in 1896, Laurier implemented a compromise stating Catholics in Manitoba could have their own religious instruction for 30 minutes at the end of the day if there were enough students to warrant it, implemented on a school-by-school basis.<ref name="language" />

=== Contemporary era ===
[[File:WinnipegGeneralStrike.jpg|thumb|alt=Large group of people in the middle of a city street beside a large concrete building|Crowds gathering outside the old City Hall during the [[Winnipeg general strike]], 21 June 1919]]

By 1911, [[Winnipeg]] was the third largest city in Canada, and remained so until overtaken by [[Vancouver]] in the 1920s.<ref>{{vcite book|author=Hayes, Derek|title=Historical Atlas of Canada|publisher=D&M Adult|year=2006|page=227|isbn=978-1-55365-077-5}}</ref> A boomtown, it grew quickly around the start of the 20th century, with outside investors and immigrants contributing to its success.<ref name="boomtown">{{vcite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP10CH3PA5LE.html|title=Winnipeg Boomtown|publisher=CBC|accessdate=28 October 2009|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104213708/http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP10CH3PA5LE.html|archivedate=4 November 2011}}</ref> The drop in growth in the second half of the decade was a result of the opening of the [[Panama Canal]] in 1914, which reduced reliance on [[Transcontinental railroad|transcontinental railways]] for trade, as well as a decrease in immigration due to the outbreak of the [[World War I|First World War]].<ref>{{vcite news|title=The heart of the continent?|author=Silicz, Michael|date=10 September 2008|work=The Manitoba|publisher=University of Manitoba|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/manitob34&div=29&id=&page=|via=HeinOnline}}</ref> Over 18,000 Manitoba residents enlisted in the first year of the war; by the end of the war, 14 Manitobans had received the [[Victoria Cross]].<ref>{{vcite book|author=Morton, William L|title=Manitoba, a History|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1957|pages=345–359}}</ref>

During the First World War, [[Nellie McClung]] started the campaign for women's votes. On January 28, 1916, the vote for women was legalized. Manitoba was the first province to allow women to vote in provincial elections. This was two years before Canada as a country granted women the right to vote.<ref>{{vcite web|url=https://cfc-swc.gc.ca/commemoration/cent/index-en.html|title=100th Anniversary of Women's First Right to Vote in Canada|publisher=Status of Women Canada|accessdate=17 December 2019|archivedate=28 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128184144/https://cfc-swc.gc.ca/commemoration/cent/index-en.html}}</ref>

After the First World War ended, severe discontent among farmers (over wheat prices) and union members (over wage rates) resulted in an upsurge of [[Political radicalism|radicalism]], coupled with a polarization over the rise of [[Bolshevik|Bolshevism]] in [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russia]].<ref>{{vcite book|author=Conway, John Frederick|title=The West: The History of a Region in Confederation |publisher=Lorimer|year=2005|edition=3rd|pages=63–64, 85–100|isbn=978-1-55028-905-3}}</ref> The most dramatic result was the [[Winnipeg general strike]] of 1919. It began on 15 May and collapsed on 25 June 1919; as the workers gradually returned to their jobs, the Central Strike Committee decided to end the movement.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{vcite book|author=Bercuson, David J|title=Confrontation at Winnipeg: Labour, Industrial Relations, and the General Strike|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=1990|pages=173–176|isbn=978-0-7735-0794-4}}</ref> Government efforts to violently crush the strike, including a [[North-West Mounted Police|Royal North-West Mounted Police]] charge into a crowd of protesters that resulted in multiple casualties and one death, had led to the arrest of the movement's leaders.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> In the aftermath, eight leaders went on trial, and most were convicted on charges of [[sedition|seditious conspiracy]], illegal combinations, and seditious [[libel]]; four were deported under the ''[[Canadian immigration and refugee law|Canadian Immigration Act]]''.<ref>{{vcite journal|author=Lederman, Peter R|year=1976|title=Sedition in Winnipeg: An Examination of the Trials for Seditious Conspiracy Arising from the General Strike of 1919|journal=Queen's Law Journal|publisher=Queen's University|volume=3|issue=2|pages=5, 14–17}}</ref>

The [[Great Depression]] (1929–{{Circa|1939}}) hit especially hard in [[Western Canada]], including Manitoba. The collapse of the world market combined with a steep drop in agricultural production due to drought led to economic diversification, moving away from a reliance on wheat production.<ref name="easterbrook">{{vcite book|author=Easterbrook, William Thomas; Aitken, Hugh GJ|title=Canadian economic history|publisher=University of Toronto Press|location=Toronto|year=1988|pages=493–494|isbn=978-0-8020-6696-1}}</ref> The [[Manitoba Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]], forerunner to the [[New Democratic Party of Manitoba]] (NDP), was founded in 1932.<ref>{{vcite book|author=Wiseman, Nelson|title=Social democracy in Manitoba|publisher=University of Manitoba|year=1983|page=[https://archive.org/details/socialdemocracyi0000wise/page/13 13]|isbn=978-0-88755-118-5|url=https://archive.org/details/socialdemocracyi0000wise/page/13}}</ref>

Canada entered the [[World War II|Second World War]] in 1939. Winnipeg was one of the major commands for the [[British Commonwealth Air Training Plan]] to train fighter pilots, and there were air training schools throughout Manitoba. Several Manitoba-based regiments were deployed overseas, including [[Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry]]. In an effort to raise money for the war effort, the [[Canada Savings Bond|Victory Loan]] campaign organized "[[If Day]]" in 1942. The event featured a simulated [[Nazism|Nazi]] invasion and occupation of Manitoba, and eventually raised over [[Canadian dollar|C$]]65 million.<ref>{{vcite journal|author=Newman, Michael|date=Spring 1987|title=February 19, 1942: If Day|journal=Manitoba History|publisher=Manitoba Historical Society|issue=13|url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/13/ifday.shtml|archivedate=19 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219015553/http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/13/ifday.shtml}}</ref>

[[File:Red River Floodway from the air.JPG|thumb|Aerial view of the [[Red River Floodway]]]]
Winnipeg was inundated during the [[1950 Red River Flood]] and had to be partially evacuated. In that year, the Red River reached its highest level since 1861 and flooded most of the Red River Valley. The damage caused by the flood led then-Premier [[Dufferin Roblin|Duff Roblin]] to advocate for the construction of the [[Red River Floodway]]; it was completed in 1968 after six years of excavation. Permanent dikes were erected in eight towns south of Winnipeg, and clay dikes and diversion dams were built in the Winnipeg area. In 1997, the "[[1997 Red River flood|Flood of the Century]]" caused over {{Nowrap|C$400 million}} in damages in Manitoba, but the floodway prevented Winnipeg from flooding.<ref>{{vcite journal|author=Haque, C Emdad|date=May 2000|title=Risk Assessment, Emergency Preparedness and Response to Hazards: The Case of the 1997 Red River Valley Flood, Canada|journal=Natural Hazards|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|volume=21|issue=2|pages=226–237|issn=0921-030X|doi=10.1023/a:1008108208545}}</ref>

In 1990, Prime Minister [[Brian Mulroney]] attempted to pass the [[Meech Lake Accord]], a series of constitutional amendments to persuade [[Quebec]] to endorse the ''[[Canada Act 1982]]''. Unanimous support in the legislature was needed to bypass public consultation. Cree politician [[Elijah Harper]] opposed because he did not believe First Nations had been adequately involved in the Accord's process, and thus the Accord failed.<ref>{{vcite book|author=Hawkes, David C; Devine, Marina|title=How Ottawa Spends, 1991–1992: The Politics of Fragmentation|editor=Abele, Frances|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=1991|pages=33–45|chapter=Meech Lake and Elijah Harper: Native-State Relations in the 1990s|isbn=978-0-88629-146-4}}</ref>

[[Glen Murray (politician)|Glen Murray]], elected in Winnipeg in 1998, became the first openly [[gay]] mayor of a large North American city.<ref>{{vcite news | author= Girard, Daniel | title =Reverse brain drain brings urban expert to U of T | newspaper =[[Toronto Star]] | date =11 July 2007 | url =https://www.thestar.com/news/2007/07/11/reverse_brain_drain_brings_urban_expert_to_u_of_t.html | archivedate =24 March 2021 | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20210324040108/https://www.thestar.com/news/2007/07/11/reverse_brain_drain_brings_urban_expert_to_u_of_t.html }}</ref> The province was impacted by major flooding in [[2009 Red River flood|2009]] and [[2011 Red River flood|2011]].<ref>{{vcite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/1438743/the-5-worst-floods-in-canadian-history/|publisher=Global News|date=8 July 2014|author=Mortillaro, Nicole|title=5 of the worst floods in Canadian history|archivedate=11 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411063705/https://globalnews.ca/news/1438743/the-5-worst-floods-in-canadian-history/}}</ref> In 2004, Manitoba became the first province in Canada to ban indoor smoking in public places.<ref>{{vcite web|title=Manitoba Moves Toward Province-Wide Smoking Ban|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba-moves-towards-province-wide-smoking-ban-1.480077|publisher=CBC|date=3 March 2004|archivedate=8 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208214059/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba-moves-towards-province-wide-smoking-ban-1.480077}}</ref> In 2013, Manitoba was the second province to introduce accessibility legislation, protecting the rights of persons with disabilities.<ref>{{vcite web|url=http://www.aodaalliance.org/strong-effective-aoda/05212015.asp|date=21 May 2015|title=Please support a barrier-free Canada|publisher=AODA Alliance|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416085143/http://www.aodaalliance.org/strong-effective-aoda/05212015.asp|archivedate=16 April 2016}}</ref>