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=== Etymology of Mali === ''Mali'', ''Mandé'', ''Manden'',Mande-Bissa and ''Manding'' are all various pronunciations of the same word across different languages and dialects.{{sfn|Niane|2006|p=85}} The version recorded by medieval Arab geographers is Mali ({{langx|ar|مالي|Mālī}}). ''Mali'' is the [[Fula language|Fula]] form of the word.{{sfn|Gomez|2018|p=68}}{{sfn|Niane|2006|p=85}} In the [[Manding languages]], the modern descendants of the language spoken at the core of the Mali Empire, ''Manden'' or ''Manding'' is the name of the region corresponding to the heartland of the Mali Empire.{{sfn|Conrad|2004|p=xxxiii}} Medieval sources are divided over whether Mali is the name of a town or a region. [[Ibn Battuta]] who visited the capital city from 1352 to 1353, called it Mali. The 1375 [[Catalan Atlas]] portrayed a "city of Melly" ({{langx|ca|ciutat de Melly}}) in West Africa.{{sfn|Fauvelle|2018|p=191}} [[Leo Africanus]] said that the capital city was called Melli.{{sfn|Hunwick|1973|p=197}} However, [[Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari]] gives ''Mali'' as the name of the capital province and [[Ibn Khaldun]] refers to ''Mali'' as a people, with each giving different names for the capital city itself.{{sfn|Levtzion|Hopkins|2000|pp=261,333,336}} Whether ''Mali'' originated as the name of a town or region, the name was subsequently applied to the entire empire ruled from Mali.{{sfn|Levtzion|Hopkins|2000|pp=261–262}}{{sfn|Hunwick|1973|p=197}} Another hypothesis suggests that the name Mali is derived from Mandé ''mali'' "[[hippopotamus]]", an animal that had special significance to the Keitas, and that Mandé means "little manatee". A legend claims that Sunjata transformed into a hippopotamus.{{sfn|Niane|2006|p=85}} However, these hypotheses have been rejected by locals and are inconsistent with the apparent cognate status of ''Mali'' and ''Mandé''.<ref>{{harvnb|Delafosse|1912a|pp=121–122}} "On a voulou trouver à ce mot une étymologie totémique et on a traduit ''Mali'' par «hippopotame» et ''Mandé'' par «petit lamentin» : ces deux étymologies sont rejetées par les indigènes du pays, c'est-à-dire les Malinké, qui déclarent que ''Mandé'' ou ''Mali'' est simpliment le nom de leur patrie et qu'ils n'en connaissent pas la signification (1) et qui, au surplus, n'ont aucun totem de peuple, pas plus le lamentin que l'hippopotame: un de leurs clans seulement a pour ''tana'' ou «tabou» l'hippopotame et il n'en porte pas le nom (clan des Keïta)." "(1) Si d'ailleurs la forme ''mali'' peut signifier «hippopotame» dans certains dialectes, ce sens ne peut en aucune façon s'appliquer à la forme mandé; part contre, si l'on peut traduire ''mandé'', ''mané'', ''mani'', etc. par «petit lamentin», il serait bien difficile de donner la même traduction aux formes ''mali'', "mallé", etc.; on pourrait encore proposer l'étymologie de «fils de maître», mais elle serait également fort douteuse."</ref>
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