Editing Lute (section)

===First lutes===
{{multiple image
|caption_align=center
|header_align=center
| align = right
|total_width= 400
| image1 = Egyptian lute players 001.jpg
| caption1 = [[Ancient Egyptian]] tomb painting depicting players with long-necked lutes, [[18th Dynasty]] (c. [[1350 BC]]).
| image2 =Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG
| caption2 = Hellenistic banquet scene from 1st century A.D., [[Hadda, Afghanistan|Hadda]], [[Gandhara]]. Lute player with short-necked lute, far right.
}}

{{multiple image
|caption_align=center
|header_align=center
| align = right
|total_width= 400
| image1 = Clevelandart 1980.15.jpg
| caption1 = Lute in Pakistan, Gandhara, probably Butkara in Swat, Kushan Period (1st century-320)
| image2 =Gandhara Lute, Pakistan, Swat Valley, Gandhara region, 4th-5th century.jpg
| caption2 = Gandhara Lute, Pakistan, Swat Valley, Gandhara region, 4th-5th century
}}

[[Curt Sachs]] defined ''lute'' in the terminology section of ''The History of Musical Instruments''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sachs |first=Curt |date=1914 |title=The history of Musical Instruments |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/guruguha/MusicResearchLibrary/Books-English/BkE-CurtSachs-TheHistoryofMusicalInstruments-1940-0015.pdf |website=The Public's Library and Digital Archive}}</ref> as "composed of a body, and of a neck which serves both as a handle and as a means of stretching the strings beyond the body".<ref name=sachsshortlong>{{cite book |last=Sachs |first=Curt |date=1940 |title=The History of Musical Instruments |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmusical00sach|url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmusical00sach/page/464 464] |isbn=9780393020687 }}</ref> His definition focused on body and neck characteristics and not on the way the strings were sounded, so the fiddle counted as a "bowed lute".<ref name=sachsshortlong/> Sachs also distinguished between the "long-necked lute" and the short-necked variety.<ref name=sachsshortlong/> The short-necked variety contained most of our modern instruments, "lutes, [[guitar]]s, [[Hurdy-gurdy|hurdy-gurdies]] and the entire family of [[viol]]s and violins".<ref name=sachsshortlong/>

The long lutes were the more ancient lutes; the "[[Arabic musical instruments|Arabic]] [[tanbur|tanbūr&nbsp;]]... faithfully preserved the outer appearance of the ancient lutes of [[Babylonia]] and [[Music of Egypt|Egypt]]".<ref name="sachslong">{{cite book |last=Sachs |first=Curt |date=1940 |title=The History of Musical Instruments |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmusical00sach|url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmusical00sach/page/255 255–257] |isbn=9780393020687 }}</ref> He further categorized long lutes with a "pierced lute" and "long neck lute".<ref name="sachsshortlong" /> The ''pierced lute'' had a neck made from a stick that pierced the body (as in the [[ancient Egypt]]ian long-neck lutes, and the modern African gunbrī<ref>{{Cite web |title=ATLAS of Plucked Instruments |url=https://www.atlasofpluckedinstruments.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=www.atlasofpluckedinstruments.com}}</ref>).<ref name="sachsegypt">{{cite book |last=Sachs |first=Curt |date=1940 |title=The History of Musical Instruments |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmusical00sach|url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmusical00sach/page/102 102–103] |isbn=9780393020687 }}</ref>

The ''long lute'' had an attached neck, and included the [[sitar]], [[tanbur]] and [[Tar (string instrument)|tar]]: the [[dutar|dutār]] had two strings, [[setar|setār]] three strings, čārtār four strings, pančtār five strings.<ref name="sachsshortlong" /><ref name="sachslong" />

Sachs's book is from 1941, and the [[Archaeology|archaeological]] evidence available to him placed the early lutes at about 2000 BC.<ref name=sachsealiest>{{cite book |last=Sachs |first=Curt |date=1940 |title=The History of Musical Instruments |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmusical00sach|url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmusical00sach/page/82 82–83] |isbn=9780393020687 }}</ref> Discoveries since then have pushed the existence of the lute back to {{circa|3100 BC}}.<ref name=Dumbrillp321>{{harvnb|Dumbrill|1998|p=321}}</ref>

[[Musicology|Musicologist]] [[Richard Dumbrill (musicologist)|Richard Dumbrill]] today uses the word lute more categorically to discuss instruments that existed millennia before the term "lute" was coined.<ref name=dumbrill1>{{harvnb|Dumbrill|2005|pp=305–310}}. "The long-necked lute would have stemmed from the bow-harp and eventually became the tunbur; and the fat-bodied smaller lute would have evolved into the modern Oud&nbsp;... the lute pre-dated the lyre which can therefore be considered as a development of the lute, rather than the contrary, as had been thought until quite recently&nbsp;... Thus the lute not only dates but also locates the transition from musical protoliteracy to musical literacy&nbsp;..."</ref> Dumbrill documented more than 3,000 years of [[Iconology|iconographic]] evidence of the lutes in Mesopotamia, in his book ''The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East''. According to Dumbrill, the lute family included instruments in [[Mesopotamia]] before 3000&nbsp;BC.<ref name=Dumbrillp321/> He points to a [[cylinder seal]] as evidence; dating from about 3100&nbsp;BC or earlier and now in the possession of the [[British Museum]], the seal depicts on one side what is thought to be a woman playing a stick "lute".<ref name="Dumbrillp321"/><ref name=Britishmuseum>{{cite web |url= https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1447477&partId=1&people=24615&peoA=24615-3-17&page=1 |website=British Museum |title=Cylinder Seal}} Culture/period Uruk, Date c.&nbsp;3100&nbsp;BC, Museum number 41632.</ref> Like Sachs, Dumbrill saw length as distinguishing lutes, dividing the Mesopotamian lutes into a long variety and a short.<ref name=Dumbrillp310>{{harvnb|Dumbrill|1998|p=310}}</ref> His book does not cover the shorter instruments that became the European lute, beyond showing examples of shorter lutes in the ancient world. He focuses on the longer lutes of Mesopotamia, various types of necked chordophones that developed throughout the ancient world: [[India|Indian]] ([[Gandhara]] and others), [[ancient Greece|Greek]], [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] (in the [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]]), [[History of Iran|Iranian]] ([[Elam]]ite and others), [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Jewish/Israelite]], [[Hittites|Hittite]], [[Ancient Rome|Roman]], [[Bulgars|Bulgar]], [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]], [[China|Chinese]], [[Armenian people|Armenian]]/[[Cilician]] cultures. He names among the long lutes, the [[pandura]] and the [[tanbur]]<ref>{{harvnb|Dumbrill|2005|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nlm1Kbc7P5UC&pg=PA320 319–320]}}. "The long-necked lute in the OED is orthographed as tambura; tambora, tamera, tumboora; tambur(a) and tanpoora. We have an Arabic Õunbur; Persian tanbur; Armenian pandir; Georgian panturi. and a Serbo-Croat tamburitza. The Greeks called it pandura; panduros; phanduros; panduris or pandurion. The Latin is pandura. It is attested as a Nubian instrument in the third century BC. The earliest literary allusion to lutes in Greece comes from Anaxilas in his play The Lyre-maker as 'trichordos'&nbsp;... According to Pollux, the trichordon (sic) was Assyrian and they gave it the name pandoura...These instruments survive today in the form of the various Arabian ''tunbar''&nbsp;..."</ref>

The line of short-necked lutes was further developed to the east of Mesopotamia, in [[Bactria]] and [[Gandhara]], into a short, almond-shaped lute.<ref name=Iranica/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.clevelandart.org/art/1980.15 |title= Bracket with two musicians 100s, Pakistan, Gandhara, probably Butkara in Swat, Kushan Period (1st century – 20) |publisher= The Cleveland Museum of Art |access-date=March 25, 2015}}</ref> Curt Sachs talked about the depictions of Gandharan lutes in art, where they are presented in a mix of "Northwest Indian art" under "strong Greek influences".<ref name=sachs2>{{cite book |last=Sachs |first=Curt |date=1940 |title= The History of Musical Instruments |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmusical00sach|url-access=registration |location= New York |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmusical00sach/page/159 159–161] |isbn=9780393020687 }}</ref> The short-necked lutes in these Gandhara [[Work of art|artworks]] were "the venerable ancestor of the [[Islamic music|Islamic]], the Sino-Japanese and the [[Early music|European]] lute families".<ref name=sachs2/> He described the Gandhara lutes as having a "pear-shaped body tapering towards the short neck, a frontal stringholder, lateral pegs, and either four or five strings".<ref name=sachs2/>