Editing Luoyang (section)

==History==
===Classical era===
[[File:天子驾六.jpg|thumb|left|220x220px|Museum of Luoyang Eastern Zhou Royal Horse and Chariot Pits]]
Several cities – all of which are generally referred to as "Luoyang" – have been built in this area. In 2070&nbsp;BC, the [[Xia dynasty]] king [[Tai Kang]] moved the Xia capital to the intersection of the Luo and Yi and named the city [[Zhenxun]] ({{lang|zh-hant|斟鄩}}). In 1600&nbsp;BC, [[Tang of Shang]] defeated [[Jie of Xia|Jie]], the final Xia dynasty king, and built Western Bo,  ({{lang|zh|西亳}}), a new capital on the Luo River. The ruins of Western Bo are located in Luoyang Prefecture.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

In 1036&nbsp;BC a settlement named Chengzhou ({{lang|zh|成周}}) was constructed by the [[Duke of Zhou]] for the remnants of the captured [[Shang dynasty|Shang]] nobility. The Duke also moved the [[Nine Tripod Cauldrons]] to [[Chengzhou]] from the [[Zhou dynasty]] capital at [[Haojing]]. A second Western Zhou capital, [[Wangcheng (Zhou dynasty)|Wangcheng]] (also: Luoyi) was built {{convert|15|km|abbr=on}} west of Chengzhou.  Wangcheng became the capital of the [[Eastern Zhou dynasty]] in 771&nbsp;BC.  The Eastern Zhou dynasty capital was moved to Chengzhou in 510&nbsp;BC. Later, the [[Eastern Han dynasty]] capital of Luoyang would be built over Chengzhou.  Modern Luoyang is built over the ruins of Wangcheng, which are still visible today at Wangcheng Park.<ref>China.org.cn, 2009</ref>

[[Qin Shi Huang|Qin Shi Huang's]] chief minister, Lu Buwei, was given Luoyang. Lu began programs to develop and beautify Luoyang. It is said that [[Emperor Gaozu of Han|Liu Bang]] visited Luoyang and considered making it his capital but was persuaded to reconsider by his ministers to turn to [[Chang'an]] instead for his capital.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 5: Asia and Oceania|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|year=1996|isbn=1-884964-04-4|editor-last=Schellinger|editor-first=Paul|location=Chicago|pages=538–541|editor2-last=Salkin|editor2-first=Robert}}</ref>

===Han dynasty===
[[File:China-henan-luoyang-white-horse-temple-entrance-20040506.jpg|left|thumb|220x220px|[[White Horse Temple]] gate]]
In 25 AD, Luoyang was declared the capital of the Eastern Han dynasty on November 27 by [[Emperor Guangwu of Han]].<ref name="Hymes">{{cite book |author=[[Robert Hymes]] |url=https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john |title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-231-11004-4 |editor=John Stewart Bowman |page=[https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john/page/13 13] |url-access=registration}}</ref>  The city walls formed a rectangle 4&nbsp;km south to north and 2.5&nbsp;km west to east, with the Gu River, a tributary of the [[Luo River (Henan)|Luo River]] just outside the northern eastern walls.  The rectangular Southern Palace and the Northern Palace were 3&nbsp;km apart and connected by The Covered Way.  In 26 AD, the Altar of the Gods of the Soils and Grains, the Altar of Heaven, and the Temple of the eminent Founder, [[Emperor Gaozu of Han|Emperor Gao]] of Former Han were inaugurated.  The Imperial University was restored in 29 AD. In 48 AD, the Yang Canal linked the capital to the Luo. In 56 AD, the main imperial observatory, the Spiritual Terrace, was constructed.<ref name="Rafe">{{cite book |last1=de Crespigny |first1=Rafe |title=Fire over Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty 23–220 AD |date=2017 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=9789004324916 |pages=16–52}}</ref>

For several centuries, Luoyang was the focal point of China. In AD 68, the [[White Horse Temple]], the first [[Buddhist]] temple in China, was founded in Luoyang.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} The temple still exists, though the architecture is of later origin, mainly from the 16th century. [[An Shigao]] was one of the first monks to popularize [[Buddhism]] in Luoyang.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

The diplomat [[Ban Chao]] restored the [[Silk Road]] during the Eastern Han dynasty, thus making Luoyang the eastern terminus of the Silk  Road during the Han dynasty.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

In 166 AD, the first [[Sino-Roman relations|Roman mission]], sent by "the king of Da Qin [the Roman Empire], Andun" ([[Marcus Aurelius|Marcus Aurelius Antoninus]], r. 161–180 AD), reached Luoyang after arriving by sea in [[Rinan]] Commandery in what is now central [[Vietnam]].<ref>Hill (2009), p. 27.</ref>

The late 2nd century saw China decline into [[anarchy]]:

<blockquote>The decline was accelerated by the rebellion of the [[Yellow Turbans]], who, although defeated by the Imperial troops in 184 AD, weakened the state to the point where there was a continuing series of rebellions degenerating into civil war, culminating in the burning of the Han capital of Luoyang on 24 September 189 AD. This was followed by a state of continual unrest and wars in China until a modicum of stability returned in the 220s, but with the establishment of three separate kingdoms, rather than a unified empire.<ref>Hill (2009), p. xvi,</ref></blockquote>

===Wei and Jin dynasties===
On April 4, 190 AD,<ref>{{cite book|last=Cullen|first=Christopher|title=Heavenly Numbers: Astronomy and Authority in Early Imperial China|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2017|isbn=9780198733119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_U-DwAAQBAJ|page=336|postscript=none|access-date=2022-04-16|archive-date=2024-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710122553/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_U-DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}; {{cite book|editor1-last=Twitchett|editor1-first=Denis Crispin|editor2-last=Loewe|editor2-first=Michael|title=The Cambridge History of China. Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C.-A.D. 220|location=Cambridge, UK|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=1986|isbn=9780521243278|page=348}}</ref> Chancellor [[Dong Zhuo]] ordered his soldiers to ransack, pillage, and raze the city as he retreated from [[Campaign against Dong Zhuo|the coalition set up against him]] by regional lords all over China. The court was subsequently moved to the more defensible western city of [[Chang'an]] (modern Xi'an). Following a period of disorder, during which warlord [[Cao Cao]] held the last Han emperor [[Han Xiandi|Xian]] in [[Xuchang]] (196–220), Luoyang was restored to prominence when his son Cao Pi, [[Cao Pi|Emperor Wen]] of the [[Cao Wei|Wei dynasty]], declared it his capital in 220 AD. The [[Jin dynasty (265–420)|Jin dynasty]], successor to Wei, was also established in Luoyang. At the height of Jin rule, Luoyang had a population of 600,000 and was probably the second largest city in the world after [[Rome]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Graff |first=David A. |title=Medieval Chinese Warfare. 300 - 900 |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |pages=50}}</ref>

At the start of the 4th century, Luoyang was subjected to repeated attacks during the [[War of the Eight Princes]] and [[Upheaval of the Five Barbarians]] under the Jin. In 311 AD, rebel forces of the [[Xiongnu]]-led [[Han-Zhao]] dynasty sacked and razed the city in an event known as the [[Disaster of Yongjia]].<ref name="Rene">{{Cite book |last=Grousset |first=Rene |title=The Empire of the Steppes |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8135-1304-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/56 56–57] |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/56 }}</ref> For the next two centuries, Luoyang would cease as a major population hub, but remained a hotly contested region among various states to come.<ref name=":1" /> It was the site of a pivotal battle in 328 between the Han-Zhao and [[Later Zhao]] dynasties which established the latter as a hegemonic power in the north.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Graff |first=David A. |title=Medieval Chinese Warfare 300 - 900 |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |pages=58}}</ref> The city changed hands several times throughout the [[Sixteen Kingdoms]] period, as it was also controlled by the [[Former Yan]], [[Former Qin]] and [[Later Qin]] dynasties. The Jin dynasty, which had relocated south of the [[Yangtze|Yangtze river]] after the upheaval, was even able to recover the city on a few occasions.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

===Northern Wei===
[[File:Longmen Grottoes 3.jpg|left|thumb|220x220px|[[Longmen Grottoes]]]]
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Luoyang_(Chinese_characters).svg
| piccap = "Luoyang" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
| picupright = 0.45
| s = 洛阳
| t = 洛陽
| l = "Northern Bank of the Luo [River]"
| p = Luòyáng
| w = Lo<sup>4</sup>-yang<sup>2</sup>
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|l|uo|4|.|yang|2}}
| j = Lok<sup>6</sup>-joeng<sup>4</sup>
| y = Lohk-yèuhng
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|l|ok|6|.|j|oeng|4}}
| tl = Lo̍k-iông
| order = st
}}In winter 416, during [[Emperor Wu of Song|Liu Yu's]] northern expedition against the Later Qin, Luoyang fell to the Jin general [[Tan Daoji]]. In 422, the city was captured by [[Xianbei]]-led [[Northern Wei|Northern Wei dynasty]]. The [[Liu Song|Liu Song dynasty]], which succeeded the Jin, briefly recovered the city in 430, but by the 460s, Luoyang was definitively under Wei control. In 493 AD, as part of his [[sinicization]] campaign, [[Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei]] moved the capital from [[Datong]] to Luoyang, moving over 150,000 people to the site by 495,<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Graff |first=David A. |title=Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300 - 900 |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |pages=98}}</ref> and started the construction of the [[rock-cut architecture|rock-cut]] [[Longmen Grottoes]]. More than 30,000 [[Buddhist]] statues from the time of this dynasty have been found in the caves. Many of these sculptures were two-faced. At the same time, the [[Shaolin Temple]] was also built by the Emperor to accommodate an Indian monk on the [[Mount Song]] right next to Luoyang City. The [[Yongning Pagoda|Yongning Temple]] ({{lang|zh-hans|永宁寺}}), the tallest pagoda in China, was also built in Luoyang. The city reached a population of 600,000 at its height during the Northern Wei.<ref name=":2" /> The city was destroyed by the warlord [[Gao Huan]], who captured the city and forced its population to move to his capital at [[Ye (Hebei)|Ye]] in 534.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Graff |first=David A. |title=Medieval Chinese Warfare |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |pages=103}}</ref> The old city was the site of numerous battles between [[Western Wei]] (and its successor [[Northern Zhou]]) and [[Eastern Wei]] (and its successor [[Northern Qi]]) between 538 and 575.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

===Sui and Tang dynasties===
When [[Emperor Yang of Sui]] took control in 604 AD he founded the new Luoyang on the site of the existing city using a layout inspired by his father [[Emperor Wen of Sui]]'s work in newly rebuilt Chang'an.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Robert B.|last=Marks|title=China: Its Environment and History|year=2011|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iXVHL2mYajAC&q=China:+Its+Environment+and+History|isbn=978-1442212756|access-date=2020-10-18|archive-date=2024-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710122554/https://books.google.com/books?id=iXVHL2mYajAC&q=China:+Its+Environment+and+History#v=snippet&q=China%3A%20Its%20Environment%20and%20History&f=false|url-status=live}} p. 116</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Schinz|first=Alfred|year=1996|title=The Magic Square: Cities in Ancient China|publisher=Edition Axel Menges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhcRYkz-I3YC&q=The+Magic+Square:+Cities+in+Ancient+China&pg=PA380|isbn=3930698021|access-date=2020-10-18|archive-date=2024-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710122555/https://books.google.com/books?id=qhcRYkz-I3YC&q=The+Magic+Square:+Cities+in+Ancient+China&pg=PA380#v=snippet&q=The%20Magic%20Square%3A%20Cities%20in%20Ancient%20China&f=false|url-status=live}} p. 167-169.</ref>

{{multiple image|perrow = 2|
| image1 = 20210220 A model of Luoyang in Sui and Tang dynasty, Henan Museum.jpg| 
| image2 = 洛阳明堂天堂遗址中明堂的复原模型 (cropped).jpg
| footer = Model of Luoyang palace city during Wu Zetian's reign. Many major construction projects were commissioned during Wu Zetian's time, such as the {{ill|Bright Hall|zh|明堂}} of Luoyang ''(right)'' commissioned by Wu Zetian (original 294 ''chi'' = 93m tall).<ref>《资治通鉴·唐纪·唐纪二十》：辛亥，明堂成，高二百九十四尺，方三百尺。凡三层：下层法四时，各随方色。中层法十二辰；上为圆盖，九龙捧之。上层法二十四气；亦为圆盖，上施铁凤，高一丈，饰以黄金。中有巨木十围，上下通贯，栭栌棤藉以为本。下施铁渠，为辟雍之象。号曰万象神宫。</ref>
}}
[[File:Luoyang Pavilion.jpg|thumb|''The Luoyang Pavilion'' by Li Zhaodao (675–758)]]

During the [[Tang dynasty]], Luoyang was Dongdu ({{lang|zh-hant|東都}}), the "Eastern Capital", and at its height had a population of around one million, second only to Chang'an, which, at the time, was the largest city in the world.<ref>Abramson (2008), p. viii.</ref>

During an interval in the Tang dynasty, the first and the only empress in Chinese history – [[Wu Zetian|Empress Wu]], moved the capital of her Zhou dynasty to Luoyang and named it as Shen Du (Capital of the God). She constructed the tallest palace in Chinese history, which is now in the site of Sui Tang Luoyang city. Luoyang was heavily damaged during the [[An Lushan Rebellion]].<ref name=":0" />

[[Epitaph]]s were found dating from the Tang dynasty of a Christian couple in Luoyang of a Nestorian Christian Sogdian woman, Lady An (安氏), who died in 821, and her Nestorian Christian Han Chinese  husband, Hua Xian (花献), who died in 827. These Han Chinese Christian men may have married Sogdian Christian women because of a lack of Han Chinese women belonging to the Christian religion, limiting their choice of spouses among the same ethnicity.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Morrow  |first=Kenneth T. |date=May 2019 |title=Negotiating Belonging: The Church of the East's Contested Identity in Tang China |type=PhD thesis |chapter= |publisher=University of Texas at Dallas |docket= |oclc= |url=https://utd-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/10735.1/6946/ETD-5608-017-MORROW-260204.19.pdf |pages=109-135, viii, xv, 156, 164, 115, 116|access-date=}}</ref> Another epitaph in Luoyang of a Nestorian Christian Sogdian woman also surnamed An was discovered and she was put in her tomb by her military officer son on 22 January, 815.  This Sogdian woman's husband was surnamed He (和) and he was a Han Chinese man and the family was indicated to be multiethnic on the epitaph pillar.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Morrow |first=Kenneth T. |date=May 2019 |title=Negotiating Belonging: The Church of the East's Contested Identity in Tang China |type=PhD thesis |chapter= |publisher=University of Texas at Dallas |docket= |oclc= |url=https://utd-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/10735.1/6946/ETD-5608-017-MORROW-260204.19.pdf |pages=155-156, 149, 150, viii, xv |access-date= |archive-date=2022-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709073558/https://utd-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/10735.1/6946/ETD-5608-017-MORROW-260204.19.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In Luoyang, the mixed raced sons of Nestorian Christian Sogdian women and Han Chinese men has many career paths available for them. Neither their mixed ethnicity nor their faith were barriers and they were able to become civil officials, a military officers and openly celebrated their Christian religion and support Christian monasteries.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Morrow |first=Kenneth T. |date=May 2019 |title=Negotiating Belonging: The Church of the East's Contested Identity in Tang China |type=PhD thesis |docket= |oclc= |url=https://utd-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/10735.1/6946/ETD-5608-017-MORROW-260204.19.pdf |pages=164 |access-date= |archive-date=2022-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709073558/https://utd-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/10735.1/6946/ETD-5608-017-MORROW-260204.19.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Central Asians like Sogdians were called "Hu" (胡) by the Chinese during the Tang dynasty. Central Asian "Hu" women were stereotyped as barmaids or dancers by Han in China. Occasionally, "Hu" women would be involved in prostitution as the "Hu" women in China were at times in occupations that doubled as illicit services.<ref>{{cite book|last=Abramson|first=Marc S.|series=Encounters with Asia|author-link=|date=2011|title=Ethnic Identity in Tang China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-GLGnRspmcAC&dq=%22vast+numbers+of+non-Han+women+served+in+subordinate+positions%22&pg=PA20|location=|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|page=20|isbn=978-0812201017|access-date=2022-07-18|archive-date=2024-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710123533/https://books.google.com/books?id=-GLGnRspmcAC&dq=%22vast+numbers+of+non-Han+women+served+in+subordinate+positions%22&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q=%22vast%20numbers%20of%20non-Han%20women%20served%20in%20subordinate%20positions%22&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Luoyang in Han Dynasty.gif|282x282px|thumb|Map of Luoyang during the Eastern Han dynasty when it was the capital of China]]

During the short [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]], Luoyang was the capital of the [[Later Liang (Five Dynasties)|Later Liang]] (only for a few years before the court moved to [[Kaifeng]]) and [[Later Tang]] dynasty.

===Later history===
During the North [[Song dynasty]], Luoyang was the 'Western Capital' and birthplace of Zhao Kuangyin, the founder of the Song dynasty. It served as a prominent cultural center, housing some of the most important philosophers. This prosperity was mainly caused by Luoyang undergoing new developments and reconstruction during this period.<ref name=":0" />

During the [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]] [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]], Luoyang was the "Middle Capital".

Since the [[Yuan dynasty]], Luoyang was no longer the capital of China in the rest of the ancient dynasties. During the Yuan and [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] dynasties, Luoyang was razed and rebuilt twice. Its walls were destroyed by peasant rebels in the late Ming period. The city walls were then rebuilt during the [[Qing dynasty]].<ref name=":0" /> The population was reduced to that of an average county. However, for one last time, Luoyang city was the capital of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] for a brief period of time during the Japanese invasion. By 1949, Luoyang's population was 75,000.

===People's Republic of China===

After the People's Republic of China was established, Luoyang was revived as a major heavy industrial hub. In the [[first five-year plan (China)|first five-year plan of China]], 7 of 156 Soviet-aided major industrial programmes were launched in Luoyang's [[Jianxi District]], including Dongfanghong Tractor Factory, Luoyang Mining Machines Factory and Luoyang Bearing Factory. Later, during the [[Third Front (China)|Third Front]] construction, a group of heavy industry factories was moved to or founded in Luoyang, including Luoyang Glass Factory. Industrial development significantly shifted Luoyang's demographic makeup, and about half of Luoyang's population are new immigrants after 1949 from outside the province or their descendants.