Editing Lucca (section)

==History==
{{For timeline}}

=== Antiquity ===
The territory of present-day Lucca was certainly settled by the [[Etruscans]], and it also has traces of a probable earlier [[Ligures|Ligurian]] presence (called ''Luk'' meaning "marsh", which was previously speculated as a possible origin of the city's name), dating from the 3rd century BC. However, it was only with the arrival of the [[Roman Republic|Romans]] that the area took on the appearance of a real town. It obtained the status of a Roman colony in 180 BC and of a municipality ([[municipium]]) in 89 BC.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Roman Lucca {{!}} Turismo Lucca|url=https://www.turismo.lucca.it/dove-andare/lucca/la-citta/lucca-romana|access-date=2022-01-12|website=www.turismo.lucca.it}}</ref><ref name="h.f.ullmann">{{cite book|last1=Haegen|first1=Anne Mueller von der|last2=Strasser|first2=Ruth F.|title=Art & Architecture: Tuscany|year=2013|publisher=H.F.Ullmann Publishing|location=Potsdam|isbn=978-3-8480-0321-1|page=57|chapter=Lucca}}</ref>

The rectangular grid of its historical centre preserves the Roman street plan, and the Piazza San Michele occupies the site of the ancient [[Forum (Roman)|forum]]. The outline of the Roman [[amphitheatre]] is still seen in the [[Piazza dell'Anfiteatro, Lucca|Piazza dell'Anfiteatro]], and the outline of a [[Roman theatre (structure)|Roman theater]] is visible in [[Sant'Agostino, Lucca|Piazza Sant'Agostino]]. Fragments of the [[Walls of Lucca#The Roman Era|Roman-era walls]] are incorporated into the church of Santa Maria della Rosa.

At the [[Lucca Conference]], in 56 BC, [[Julius Caesar]], [[Pompey]], and [[Crassus]] reaffirmed their political alliance known as the [[First Triumvirate]].<ref name="h.f.ullmann" /><ref>Boatwright, Mary et al. ''The Romans: From Village to Empire'', pg 229.</ref>

=== Middle Ages ===
{{See also|Duchy of Tuscia}}[[File:Torre guinigi, view 11, piazza dell'anfiteatro.JPG|thumb|left|[[Piazza dell'Anfiteatro]] and the [[Basilica of San Frediano]]]]
[[Frediano]], an [[Ireland|Irish]] [[monk]], was [[bishop of Lucca]] in the early sixth century.<ref>See article on the [[Basilica of San Frediano|Basilica di San Frediano]].</ref> At one point, Lucca was plundered by [[Odoacer]], the first Germanic King of Italy. Lucca was an important city and fortress even in the sixth century, when [[Narses]] besieged it for several months in 553. From 576 to 797, under the [[Lombards]], it was the capital of a duchy, known as [[Duchy of Tuscia]], which included a large part of today's Tuscany and the [[province of Viterbo]], during this time the city also minted its own coins.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mancini|first=Augusto|title=Storia di Lucca|publisher=Pacini Fazzi|year=1999|isbn=8872463432|pages=23|language=it}}</ref> The [[Holy Face of Lucca]] (or Volto Santo), a major relic supposedly carved by [[Nicodemus]], arrived in 742.   

Among the population that inhabited Lucca in the medieval era, there was also a significant presence of [[Jews]]. The first mention of their presence in the city is from a document from the year 859. The Jewish community was led by the [[Kalonymos family]] (which later became a major component of proto-[[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazic Jewry]]).<ref>{{Citation|title=Lucca|url=https://www7.tau.ac.il/omeka/italjuda/items/show/776|access-date=2022-01-28}}</ref>  

Thanks above all to the [[Holy Face of Lucca|Holy Face]] and to the relics of important saints, such as [[:it:San Regolo|San Regolo]] and [[Saint Fridianus]], the city was one of the main destinations of the [[Via Francigena]], the major pilgrimage route to Rome from the north.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stopani|first=Renato|title=Le vie di pellegrinaggio del Medioevo.|year=1991|publisher=Le Lettere|isbn=887166048X|pages=61|language=it}}</ref>

The Lucca cloth was a silk fabric that was woven with gold or silver threads. It was a popular type of textile in Lucca throughout the mediaeval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harmuth |first=Louis |url=http://archive.org/details/dictionaryoftext00harmrich |title=Dictionary of textiles |date=1915 |publisher=New York, Fairchild publishing company |others=University of California Libraries |pages=94}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Ajoy K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=471VEAAAQBAJ&dq=lucca+cloth&pg=PA283 |title=The Fairchild Books Dictionary of Textiles |last2=Tortora |first2=Phyllis G. |last3=Johnson |first3=Ingrid |date=2021-11-04 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-5013-6508-9 |pages=283 |language=en}}</ref> 

Lucca became prosperous through the [[silk]] trade that began in the eleventh century, and came to rival the silks of [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantium]]. During the tenth–eleventh centuries Lucca was the capital of the feudal [[margraviate of Tuscany]], more or less independent but owing nominal allegiance to the [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. 

In 1057, [[Anselm of Baggio]] (later Pope Alexander II) was appointed bishop of Lucca, a position he held also during the papacy. As bishop of Lucca he managed to rebuild the patrimony of the [[Catholic Church|Church]] of Lucca, recovering alienated assets, obtaining numerous donations thanks to his prestige, and had the [[Cathedral of Lucca|Cathedral]] of the city rebuilt. From 1073 to 1086, the bishop of Lucca was his nephew [[Anselm of Lucca|Anselm II]], a prominent figure in the Investiture Controversy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ALESSANDRO II, papa in "Dizionario Biografico"|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/papa-alessandro-ii_(Dizionario-Biografico)|access-date=2022-01-09|website=www.treccani.it|language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ANSELMO da Lucca in "Enciclopedia Italiana"|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/anselmo-da-lucca_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)|access-date=2022-01-09|website=www.treccani.it|language=it-IT}}</ref>

During the High Middle Ages, one of the most illustrious dynasties of Lucca was the noble Allucingoli family, who managed to forge strong ties with the Church. Among the family members were Ubaldo Allucingoli, who was elected to the Papacy as [[Pope Lucius III]] in 1181, and the [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinals]] [[Gerardo Allucingoli]] and [[Uberto Allucingoli]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=ALLUCINGOLI, Gerardo in "Dizionario Biografico"|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/gerardo-allucingoli_(Dizionario-Biografico)|access-date=2022-01-11|website=www.treccani.it|language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chiesa della Natività di Maria Santissima (Pontetetto) – Arcidiocesi di Lucca|url=https://www.diocesilucca.it/chiesa-della-nativita-di-maria-santissima-pontetetto/|access-date=2022-01-11|language=it-IT|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111183035/https://www.diocesilucca.it/chiesa-della-nativita-di-maria-santissima-pontetetto/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Republican period (12th to 19th century) ===
{{main|Republic of Lucca}}
After the death of [[Matilda of Tuscany]], the city began to constitute itself an independent [[Medieval commune|commune]] with a charter in 1160. For almost 500 years, Lucca remained an independent republic. There were many minor provinces in the region between southern [[Liguria]] and northern Tuscany dominated by the [[Malaspina family|Malaspina]]; Tuscany in this time was a part of feudal Europe. [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''Divine Comedy'' includes many references to the great feudal families who had huge jurisdictions with administrative and judicial rights. Dante spent some of his exile in Lucca.

In 1273 and again in 1277, Lucca was ruled by a [[Guelphs and Ghibellines|Guelph]] ''[[capitano del popolo]]'' (captain of the people) named [[Luchetto Gattilusio]]. In 1314, internal discord allowed [[Uguccione della Faggiuola]] of Pisa to make himself lord of Lucca. The Lucchesi expelled him two years later, and handed over the city to another ''[[condottiero]]'', [[Castruccio Castracani]], under whose rule it became a leading state in central Italy. Lucca rivalled [[Florence]] until Castracani's death in 1328. On 22 and 23 September 1325, in the [[battle of Altopascio]], Castracani defeated [[Florence]]'s Guelphs. For this he was nominated by [[Louis IV the Bavarian]] to become duke of Lucca. Castracani's tomb is in the church of San Francesco. His biography is [[Niccolò Machiavelli|Machiavelli]]'s third famous book on political rule.

Occupied by the troops of Louis of Bavaria, the city was sold to a rich Genoese, Gherardino Spinola, then seized by John, king of Bohemia. Pawned to the Rossi of Parma, by them it was ceded to [[Mastino II della Scala]] of [[Verona]], sold to the Florentines, surrendered to the Pisans, and then nominally liberated by the emperor [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles IV]] and governed by his vicar.

In 1408, Lucca hosted a [[convocation]] organized by [[Pope Gregory XII]] with his cardinals intended to end the schism in the papacy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Gregory XII|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07001a.htm|access-date=2022-01-09|website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref>

Lucca managed, at first as a [[democracy]], and after 1628 as an [[oligarchy]], to maintain its independence alongside of [[Venice]] and [[Genoa]], and painted the word ''Libertas'' on its banner until the French Revolution in 1789.<ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (1911)</ref>

===Early modern period===
{{main|Principality of Lucca and Piombino|Duchy of Lucca}}
[[File:Palazzo pfanner, giardini 03.jpg|thumb|left|[[Palazzo Pfanner]], garden view]]
Lucca had been the second largest Italian city state (after [[Venice]]) with a republican constitution ("comune") to remain independent over the centuries.

Between 1799 and 1800, it was contested by the French and Austrian armies. Finally the French prevailed and granted a democratic constitution in the 1801. However, already in 1805 the Republic of Lucca was converted into a monarchy by [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]], who installed his sister [[Elisa Bonaparte|Elisa Bonaparte Baciocchi]] as "Princess of Lucca".

From 1815 to 1847, it was a [[Bourbon house|Bourbon-Parma]] [[Duchy of Lucca|duchy]]. The only reigning dukes of Lucca were [[Maria Luisa of Spain, Duchess of Lucca|Maria Luisa of Spain]], who was succeeded by her son [[Charles II, Duke of Parma]] in 1824. Meanwhile, the [[Duchy of Parma]] had been assigned for life to [[Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma]], the second wife of [[Napoleon]]. In accordance with the [[Treaty of Vienna (1815)]], upon the death of [[Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma]] in 1847, Parma reverted to [[Charles II, Duke of Parma]], while Lucca lost independence and was annexed to the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]]. As part of Tuscany, it became part of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]] in 1860 and finally part of the [[Italy|Italian State]] in 1861.

===World War II internment camp===
{{Further|List of World War II prisoner-of-war camps in Italy}}
In 1942, during [[World War II]], a [[prisoner-of-war]] camp was established at the village of [[Colle di Compito]], in the municipality of [[Capannori]], about {{convert|11|km}} from Lucca. Its official number was P.G. (''prigionieri di guerra'') 60,<ref name=memorial>{{cite book | editor1-last=Megargee | editor1-first=G.P. | editor-last2=White | editor-first2=J.R. | title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, Volume III: Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany|chapter=Colle di Compecito|first=Silvia Q.|last=Angelini | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-253-02386-5 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nBTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA421 | access-date=26 May 2020  | page=421}}</ref> and it was usually referred to as PG 60 Lucca.<ref>{{cite web | title=Ill-treatment of prisoners of war at Camp PG 60, Lucca, Italy, July to November 1942 | website=The National Archives | date=2008-12-18 | url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/record?catid=8803320&catln=6 | access-date=26 May 2020 }}</ref> Although it never had permanent structures and accommodation consisted of tents in an area prone to flooding, it housed more than 3,000 British and [[British Commonwealth|Commonwealth]] prisoners of war during the period of its existence. It was handed over to the Germans on 10 September 1943, not long after the signing of the [[Italian armistice]]. During the [[Italian Social Republic]], as a [[puppet state]] of the Germans, [[political prisoner]]s, foreigners, [[common law]] prisoners and [[Jew]]s were interned there, and it functioned as a [[concentration camp]]. In June 1944, the prisoners were moved to [[Bagni di Lucca#World War II|Bagni di Lucca]].<ref name=memorial/>