Editing Luanda (section)

===Portuguese colonization===
{{see also|Portuguese Angola|Colonial history of Angola}}
[[File:Museu Nacional de Historia Militar.jpg|right|thumb|[[Fortress of São Miguel|São Miguel Fortress]], founded in 1576 by [[Paulo Dias de Novais]], today hosts the [[Museum of the Armed Forces (Angola)|Armed Forces Museum]].]]
[[File:Cidade de São Paulo da Assumpção de Loanda.jpg|thumb|left|Depiction of ''São Paulo da Assunção de Luanda'', 1755.]]
[[Portugal|Portuguese]] explorer [[Paulo Dias de Novais]] founded Luanda on 25 January 1576<ref>{{Cite web|last=Leitão|first=José|title=A Missão no Reino de Angola|url=https://repositorio.ucp.pt/bitstream/10400.14/4910/1/LS_S2_05_JoseADLeitao.pdf|access-date=2020-12-07|archive-date=2021-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131222233/https://repositorio.ucp.pt/bitstream/10400.14/4910/1/LS_S2_05_JoseADLeitao.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> as "São Paulo da Assumpção de Loanda". He had brought one hundred families of settlers and four hundred soldiers. Most of the Portuguese community lived within the fort.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} Several sources from as early as the 17th century called the city "St. Paul de Leonda".<ref name="IT">{{cite web | title=Carta particolare che comincia con l'Isola di S:Tomaso ò Tome è c:d'S:Clara è finisce con il c:d'Aldeas: la longitudine comincia da i'isola di Pico d'Asores di Europa Carta VIII. Lº6º | website=am.uc.pt | url=https://almamater.uc.pt/bib-geral/nabaisconde/item/44369 | access-date=2024-08-30}}</ref><ref name="NZ">{{cite web | publisher=National Library of New Zealand | title=BY ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH. (FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.) | website=Papers Past | url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NOT18670409.2.10 | access-date=2024-08-30}}</ref><ref name="UK">{{cite web | title=Daily British Columbian | website=UBC Library Open Collections | url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/viewer/dbc/1.0346007#p0z-1r0f:leonda | access-date=2024-08-30}}</ref>

In 1618, the Portuguese built the fortress called ''Fortaleza São Pedro da Barra'', and they subsequently built two more: [[Fortaleza de São Miguel]] (1634) and [[Fortress of Sao Francisco do Penedo|Forte de São Francisco do Penedo]] (1765–66). Of these, the Fortaleza de São Miguel is the best preserved.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.colonialvoyage.com/remainP.html |title=Portuguese Colonial Remains |publisher=Colonialvoyage.com |access-date=2011-04-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225142326/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/remainP.html |archive-date=2010-12-25 }}</ref>

Luanda was Portugal's bridgehead from 1627, except during the [[Dutch Loango-Angola|Dutch rule of Luanda]], from 1640 to 1648, as Fort Aardenburgh. The city served as the centre of [[Slavery in Angola|slave trade]] to [[Colonial Brazil|Brazil]] from {{circa|1550}} to 1836.<ref>See Joseph Miller, ''Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade'', London & Madison/Wis, : James Currey & University of Wisconsin Press, 1988</ref> The slave trade was conducted mostly with the Portuguese colony of Brazil; Brazilian ships were the most numerous in the port of Luanda. This slave trade also involved local merchants and warriors who profited from the trade.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=13661080113274 |title=João C. Curto. Álcool e Escravos: O Comércio Luso-Brasileiro do Álcool em Mpinda, Luanda e Benguela durante o Tráfico Atlântico de Escravos (c. 1480-1830) e o Seu Impacto nas Sociedades da África Central Ocidental. Translated by Márcia Lameirinhas. Tempos e Espaços Africanos Series, vol. 3. Lisbon: Editora Vulgata |isbn=978-972-8427-24-5 |publisher=H-net.org |year=2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050122054905/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=13661080113274 |archive-date=2005-01-22 |access-date=2009-05-14 }}</ref> During this period, no large scale territorial conquest was intended by the Portuguese; only a few minor settlements were established in the immediate hinterland of Luanda, some on the last stretch of the [[Kwanza River]].

In the 17th century, the [[Imbangala]] became the main rivals of the [[Northern Mbundu people|Mbundu]] in supplying slaves to the Luanda market. In the 1751, between 5,000 and 10,000 slaves were annually sold.<ref name=a>{{cite book|last=Njoku|first=Onwuka N.|year=1997|title=Mbundu|url=https://archive.org/details/mbundu00njok|url-access=registration|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mbundu00njok/page/38 38–39]|publisher=Rosen Pub. |isbn=9780823920044 }}</ref> By this time, Angola, a Portuguese colony, was in fact like a colony of Brazil, paradoxically another Portuguese colony. A strong degree of Brazilian influence was noted in Luanda until the [[Independence of Brazil]] in 1822.

In the 19th century, still under Portuguese rule, Luanda experienced a major economic revolution. The [[Atlantic slave trade|slave trade]] was abolished in 1836, and in 1844, Angola's ports were opened to foreign shipping. By 1850, Luanda was one of the greatest and most developed Portuguese cities in the vast [[Portuguese Empire]] outside [[Continental Portugal]], full of trading companies, exporting (together with [[Benguela]]) [[palm oil|palm]] and [[peanut oil]], wax, [[copal]], timber, ivory, cotton, coffee, and [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]], among many other products. Maize, tobacco, [[jerky|dried meat]], and [[cassava|cassava flour]] are also produced locally. The Angolan bourgeoisie was born by this time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Angola Embassy in Cairo|url=https://www.angolaeg.net/|website=www.angolaeg.net|access-date=2020-05-28|archive-date=2021-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604225442/https://www.angolaeg.net/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1889, Governor [[Hermenegildo Capelo|Brito Capelo]] opened the gates of an aqueduct which supplied the city with water, a formerly scarce resource, laying the foundation for major growth.