Editing Low-temperature technology timeline (section)

== 19th century ==
* 1802 – [[John Dalton]] wrote "the reducibility of all elastic fluids of whatever kind, into liquids"
* 1802 – [[Gay-Lussac's law]] (Gas law, relating temperature and pressure).
* 1803 – Domestic [[ice box]]
* 1803 – Thomas Moore of Baltimore, Md. received a patent on refrigeration.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.waterfordhistory.org/history/waterford-thomas-moore.htm |title=1803 – Thomas Moore |access-date=2008-09-06 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093918/http://www.waterfordhistory.org/history/waterford-thomas-moore.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 1805 – [[Oliver Evans]] designed the first closed circuit refrigeration machine based on the [[vapor-compression refrigeration]] cycle.
* 1809 – [[Jacob Perkins]] patented the first refrigerating machine
* 1810 – [[John Leslie (physicist)|John Leslie]] [[freezing|freeze]]s [[water]] to ice by using an [[airpump]].
* 1811 – [[Avogadro's law]]
* 1823 – [[Michael Faraday]] liquefied Cl<sub>2</sub><ref>Mendelssohn, Kurt. "Quest for absolute zero: the meaning of low temperature physics." (1977).</ref>
* 1824 – [[Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot|Sadi Carnot]] – the [[Carnot Cycle]]
* 1834 – [[Ideal gas law]] by [[Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron|Émile Clapeyron]]
* 1834 – [[Émile Clapeyron]] characterizes phase transitions between two phases in form of [[Clausius–Clapeyron relation]].
* 1834 – [[Jacob Perkins]] obtained the first patent for a [[vapor-compression refrigeration]] system.
* 1834 – [[Jean-Charles Peltier]] discovers the [[Peltier effect]]
* 1844 – [[Charles Piazzi Smyth]] proposes comfort cooling<ref>[http://infomotions.com/etexts/gutenberg/dirs/1/8/3/3/18337/18337.htm 1844 – Charles Piazzi Smyth] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210085439/http://infomotions.com/etexts/gutenberg/dirs/1/8/3/3/18337/18337.htm |date=2012-02-10 }}</ref>
* c.1850 – [[Michael Faraday]] makes a hypothesis that freezing substances increases their dielectric constant.
* 1851 – [[John Gorrie]] patented his mechanical refrigeration machine in the US to make ice to cool the air<ref>[http://www.myoutbox.net/popch20.htm 1851 John Gorrie]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://patimg2.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00008080&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPALL%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D0008,080.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F0008,080%2526RS%3DPN%2F0008,080&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page|title=Patent Images|access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref>
* 1852 – [[James Prescott Joule]] and [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin]] discover [[Joule–Thomson effect]]
* 1856 – [[James Harrison (engineer)|James Harrison]] patented an ether liquid-vapour compression refrigeration system and developed the first practical ice-making and refrigeration room for use in the brewing and meat-packing industries of [[Geelong]], Victoria, Australia.
* 1856 – [[August Krönig]] simplistic foundation of [[kinetic theory of gases]].
* 1857 – [[Rudolf Clausius]] creates a sophisticated theory of gases based including all [[degrees of freedom]], as well derives [[Clausius–Clapeyron relation]] from basic principles.
* 1857 – [[Carl Wilhelm Siemens]], the [[Siemens cycle]]
* 1858 – [[Julius Plücker]] observed for the first time some pumping effect due to electrical discharge.
* 1859 – [[James Clerk Maxwell]] determines distribution of velocities and kinetic energies in a gas, and explains emergent property of temperature and heat, and creates a first law of statistical mechanics.
* 1859 – [[Ferdinand Carré]] – The first [[Absorption refrigeration|gas absorption]] refrigeration system using gaseous ammonia dissolved in water (referred to as "aqua ammonia")
* 1862 – [[Alexander Carnegie Kirk]] invents the [[Air cycle machine]]
* 1864 – [[Charles Tellier]] patented a refrigeration system using [[dimethyl ether]]
* 1867 – [[Thaddeus S. C. Lowe]] patented a refrigeration system using [[carbon dioxide]], and in 1869 made ice making machine using dry carbon dioxide. The same year Lowe bought a steamship and put a compressor based refrigeration device on it for transport of frozen meat.
* 1867 — French immigrant [[Eugene Dominic Nicolle (inventor) | Eugene Dominic Nicolle]] dissolved [[ammonia]] in [[water]] to reach a temperature of −20°C in a sealed room. Together with another new Australian, industrialist [[Thomas Sutcliffe Mort | Sir Thomas Mort]] — who in 1867 built the first [[freezerworks]] using this idea in [[Balmain, New South Wales | Balmain]] — and with the help of [[NSW]] politician, [[Augustus Morris]], overcame the public's mistrust of frozen food by revealing the fact to an audience of the influential (after their state meal) on 2 September, 1875.<ref>JT Critchell & J. Raymond (Constable & Co., London: 1912), [https://archive.org/stream/historyoffrozenm00crituoft/historyoffrozenm00crituoft_djvu.txt  ''A History of the Frozen Meat Trade'']. </ref>
* 1869 – [[Charles Tellier]] installed a cold storage plant in France.
* 1869 – [[Thomas Andrews (scientist)|Thomas Andrews]] discovers existence of a [[critical point (thermodynamics)|critical point]] in fluids.
* 1871 – [[Carl von Linde]] built his first [[ammonia]] compression machine.
* c.a. 1873 – [[Johannes Diderik van der Waals|Van der Waals]] publishes and proposes a [[real gas]] model named later a [[Van der Waals equation]].
* 1875 – [[Raoul Pictet]] develops a refrigeration machine using [[sulphur dioxide]] to combat high-pressure problems of ammonia in when used in tropical climates (mainly for the purpose of shipping meat).
* 1876 – [[Carl von Linde]] patented equipment to liquefy air using the [[Joule–Thomson effect|Joule Thomson expansion process]] and [[regenerative cooling]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4404/app-a1.htm|title=app-a1|access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref>
* 1877 – [[Raoul Pictet]] and [[Louis Paul Cailletet]], working separately, develop two methods to liquefy [[oxygen]].
* 1879 – [[Brayton cycle#Reverse Brayton cycle|Bell-Coleman machine]]
* 1882 – [[William Soltau Davidson]] fitted a compression refrigeration unit to the New Zealand vessel [[Dunedin (ship)|''Dunedin'']]
* 1883 – [[Zygmunt Wróblewski]] condenses experimentally useful quantities of [[liquid oxygen]]
* 1885 – [[Zygmunt Wróblewski]] published hydrogen's critical temperature as 33 K; critical pressure, 13.3 atmospheres; and boiling point, 23 K.
* 1888 – [[Loftus Perkins]] develops the "Arktos" cold chamber for preserving food, using an early ammonia absorption system.
* 1892 – [[James Dewar]] invents the vacuum-insulated, silver-plated glass [[Dewar flask]]
* 1894 – [[Marcel Audiffren]], a French [[Cistercian ]] monk, patented a hand-cranked device that did not lose coolant to the atmosphere.
* 1895 – [[Carl von Linde]] files for [[patent]] protection of the [[Hampson–Linde cycle]] for liquefaction of atmospheric air or other gases (approved in 1903).
* 1898 – James Dewar condenses [[liquid hydrogen]] by using [[regenerative cooling]] and his invention, the [[vacuum flask]].