Editing Louis XIII (section)

==Regency of Marie de' Medici, 1610–1617==
[[File:Louis Dreizehn France.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Portrait of Louis XIII by [[Frans Pourbus the Younger]], {{circa|1616}}]]

Louis XIII ascended the throne in 1610 upon the assassination of his father, and his mother Marie de' Medici acted as his [[Regent]]. Although Louis XIII came of age at thirteen (1614), his mother did not give up her position as Regent until 1617, when he was 16. Marie maintained most of her husband's ministers, with the exception of [[Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully]], who was unpopular in the country. She mainly relied on [[Nicolas de Neufville, seigneur de Villeroy]], [[Noël Brûlart de Sillery]], and [[Pierre Jeannin]] for political advice. Marie pursued a moderate policy, confirming the [[Edict of Nantes]]. She was not, however, able to prevent rebellion by nobles such as [[Henri, Prince of Condé (1588–1646)]], second in line to the throne after Marie's second surviving son [[Gaston, Duke of Orléans]]. Condé squabbled with Marie in 1614, and briefly raised an army, but he found little support in the country, and Marie was able to raise her own army. Nevertheless, Marie agreed to call an [[Estates General (France)|Estates General]] assembly to address Condé's grievances.

The assembly of this Estates General was delayed until Louis XIII formally came of age on his thirteenth birthday. Although his coming-of-age formally ended Marie's Regency, she remained the ''de facto'' ruler of France. The Estates General accomplished little, spending its time discussing the relationship of France to the [[Papacy]] and the [[venality]] of offices, but reaching no resolutions.

[[File:France 1643-A Half Louis d'Or.jpg|thumb|Half Louis d'Or (1643) depicting Louis XIII]]

Beginning in 1615, Marie came to rely increasingly on [[Concino Concini]], an Italian who assumed the role of her favourite, and was widely unpopular because he was a foreigner. This further antagonised Condé, who launched another rebellion in the early months of 1616. [[Huguenot]] leaders supported Condé's rebellion, which led the young Louis XIII to conclude that they would never be loyal subjects. Eventually, Condé and Queen Marie made peace with the ratification on 3 May of the [[Treaty of Loudun]], which allowed Condé great power in government but did not remove Concini. However, on 1 September, after growing dissatisfaction from nobles due to Concini's position, Queen Marie, with Louis's help, imprisoned Condé to protect Concini, leading to renewed revolts against the Queen and Concini.{{sfn|Moote|1989|p=86}}

In the meantime, Louis XIII decided, with the encouragement of [[Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes|Charles d'Albert]] (the [[Grand Falconer of France]]) and other advisers, to break with his mother and to arrest Concini.<ref>{{harvnb|Kettering|2008|pp=76–78}}. According to Moote, it is generally accepted that Louis XIII knew that Concini would be killed during the arrest ({{harvnb|Moote|1989|p=94}}).</ref> On 24 April 1617, during the attempted arrest, Concini was killed.{{sfn|Moote|1989|pp=92–94}} His widow [[Leonora Dori]] Galigaï was tried for witchcraft, condemned, beheaded, and burned on 8 July 1617,<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Concino-Concini-Marquis-dAncre "Concini, Concino"], ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' online.</ref> and Marie was sent into exile in [[Blois]].{{sfn|Moote|1989|pp=100–101}} Later, Louis conferred the title of [[Duke of Luynes]] on Charles d'Albert.{{sfn|Kettering|2008|pp=100–101}}