Editing Lothian (section)

== Anglian settlement ==
Lothian was settled by Angles at an early stage and formed part of the Kingdom of [[Bernicia]], which extended south into present-day Northumberland and Durham. Many place names in the Lothians and Scottish Borders demonstrate that the English language became firmly established in the region from the 6th century onwards. In due course, Bernicia united with [[Deira]] to form the [[Kingdom of Northumbria]].  Important Anglo-Saxon structural remains have been found in [[Aberlady]] along with various artefacts such as an early 9th-century Anglo-Saxon coin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historyscotland.com/articles/news/important-anglo-saxon-remains-discovered-in-east-lothian|title=Important Anglo Saxon remains discovered in East Lothian|website=www.historyscotland.com|access-date=18 March 2018|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107112849/https://www.historyscotland.com/articles/news/important-anglo-saxon-remains-discovered-in-east-lothian|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Little is recorded of Lothian's history specifically at this time. After the [[Old Norse|Norse]]-speaking Viking [[Great Heathen Army|Great Army]] conquered southern Northumbria (including areas that would later become Yorkshire), northern Northumbria – centred on the former Anglian kingdom of [[Bernicia]] – was cut off from the other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. How much Norse influence spread north of the [[River Tees]] is uncertain.  Bernicia continued as a distinct territory, sometimes described as having a king, at other times an ''ealdorman'' (earl). Bernicia became distinct from other English territories at this time due to its links with the other Christian kingdoms in what is present-day Scotland and seems to have little to do with the Norse-controlled areas to the south. [[Roger of Wendover]] wrote that [[Edgar of England|Edgar, King of the English]] granted ''Laudian'' to [[Kenneth II]], King of Scots in 973 on condition that he come to court whenever the English king or his successors wore his crown. It is widely accepted by medieval historians that this marks the point at which Lothian became part of Scotland.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rollason |first=David W. |author-link=David Rollason |title=Northumbria, 500 – 1100: Creation and Destruction of a Kingdom |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-81335-2 |page=275}}</ref> Despite this transaction, the control of Lothian was not finally settled and the region was taken by the Scots at the [[Battle of Carham]] in 1018 and the [[River Tweed]] became the ''[[de facto]]'' Anglo-Scottish border.<ref>Mack, Logan, (1924) "The Border Line - Solway Firth to the North Sea", Oliver & Boyd, p. 6</ref>

[[William the Conqueror]] invaded Lothian and crossed over the [[River Forth]]<ref>''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]''</ref> but was not able to conquer it.  At this time Lothian appears in the ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' as ''Loðen'' or ''Loþen''. As late as 1091, the ''Chronicle'' describes how the Scottish king, [[Malcolm Canmore]], "went with his army out of Scotland into Lothian in England".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i7pvBQAAQBAJ&q=anglo-saxon+chronicle+%22went+with+his+army+out+of+scotland+into+lothian%22&pg=PT404|title=OCR A Level History: Early Medieval England 871–1107|first1=Andrew|last1=Holland|first2=Nicholas|last2=Fellows|date=September 25, 2015|publisher=Hodder Education|isbn=978-1-4718-3657-2|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/30320131.pdf |title=Neither Scotland nor England: Middle Britain, c.850-1150|first=Neil|last= McGuigan|year=2015|publisher=University of St Andrews| quote=King Máel-Coluim ‘went with his army out of Scotland into Lothian in England’ (ut of Scotlande into Loðene on Englaland) to parley}}</ref>