Editing Lope de Aguirre (section)

==In the New World==
Aguirre probably enlisted in an expedition of 250 men chosen to serve under the command of Rodrigo Duran.<ref name=Ramos1958>{{cite journal|author1=Demetrio Ramos|title=Lope de Aguirre en Cartagena de Indias y su primera rebelión|url=http://ciruelo.uninorte.edu.co/pdf/BDC59.pdf|journal=Revista de Indias|date=1958|volume=18|page=519}}</ref> He arrived in [[Peru]] in 1536 or 1537. Aguirre got work "breaking" [[stallion]]s in [[Cuzco]], the capital of [[Governorate of New Toledo|Nuevo Toledo]], and was appointed ''[[regidor]]'' (alderman) of the city.<ref name="Lewis2003" /> As a [[conquistador]], he soon became infamous for his violence, cruelty, and sedition against the Crown.<ref name="CortésGodoy2008">{{cite book|author1=Hugo R. Cortés|author2=Eduardo Godoy|author3=Mariela Insúa Cereceda|title=Rebeldes y aventureros: del Viejo al Nuevo Mundo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWETUXhCJIgC&pg=PA84|year=2008|publisher=Iberoamericana Editorial|isbn=978-84-8489-390-5|page=84}}</ref>

In 1544, Aguirre was at the side of Peru's first [[viceroy]], [[Blasco Núñez Vela]], who had arrived from Spain with orders to implement the [[New Laws]], suppress the [[Encomienda]]s, and liberate the natives from slavery.<ref name="Bryant2014">{{cite book|author=Sherwin K. Bryant|title=Rivers of Gold, Lives of Bondage: Governing Through Slavery in Colonial Quito|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3F6CBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA25|year=2014|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=978-1-4696-0772-6|page=25}}</ref><ref name="Simpson1982">{{cite book|author=Lesley Byrd Simpson|title=The Encomienda in New Spain: The Beginning of Spanish Mexico|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yulMKeEYmOQC&pg=PA132|year=1982|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04630-6|pages=132–133}}</ref> Many of the conquistadors refused to implement these laws, which prohibited them from exploiting the Indians. Aguirre took part in the plot with Melchor Verdugo to free the viceroy, who had been imprisoned on the island of [[San Lorenzo Island, Peru|San Lorenzo]], and turned against [[Gonzalo Pizarro]], the leader of the anti-viceroy/New Laws faction.<ref name="Aguirre2015"/><ref name="Andrien2001"/>

After the failed attempt, they escaped from Lima to [[Cajamarca]], and started to gather men to help the viceroy. In the meantime, thanks to the ''[[oidor]]'' Alvarez, the viceroy had escaped to [[Tumbes (city)|Tumbes]] and gathered a small military force in the belief that all the country would rise up to defend the Crown under the royal flag.  The viceroy's resistance to Pizarro and his deputy [[Francisco de Carvajal]], the infamous "''el demonio de los Andes''" ("demon of the Andes") lasted for two years until he was defeated in Añaquito on 18 January 1546.<ref name="Aguirre2015">{{cite book|author=Indalecio Liévano Aguirre|title=Los grandes conflictos sociales y económicos de nuestra historia: Tomo I|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLlPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|date=5 August 2015|publisher=Tercer Mundo Editores|isbn=978-1-5078-2237-1|page=44}}</ref><ref name="Andrien2001">{{cite book|author=Kenneth J. Andrien|title=Andean Worlds: Indigenous History, Culture, and Consciousness Under Spanish Rule, 1532-1825|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hf8dL_hNQ7gC&pg=PA44|year=2001|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|isbn=978-0-8263-2358-3|page=44}}</ref>

Aguirre and Melchor Verdugo had gone to Nicaragua, sailing to [[Trujillo, Peru|Trujillo]] with 33 men.<ref name="Sorondo2010">{{cite book|author=Gabriel Sánchez Sorondo|title=Historia oculta de la conquista de América|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yB3RCea86w4C&pg=PA120|date=1 January 2010|publisher=Ediciones Nowtilus S.L.|isbn=978-84-9763-601-8|page=120}}</ref><ref name="SilvaSubero1985">{{cite book|author1=Miguel Otero Silva|author2=Efraín Subero|title=Casas muertas: Lope de Aguirre, príncipe de la libertad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjLI-BFH9GoC&pg=PA128|date=1 January 1985|publisher=Fundacion Biblioteca Ayacuch|isbn=978-84-660-0130-4|page=128}}</ref> Verdugo conferred captain's rank on Rodrigo de Esquivel and [[Nuño de Guzmán]], sergeant major rank on Aguirre and ''contador'' status on the cleric Alonso de Henao,<ref name="Lockhart2013">{{cite book|author=James Lockhart|title=The Men of Cajamarca: A Social and Biographical Study of the First Conquerors of Peru|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E1hfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT332|date=18 December 2013|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-76117-9|page=332}}</ref> who later participated in the expedition of [[Pedro de Ursúa]] to [[Omagua]] and [[El Dorado]].<ref name="Lewis2003 page=32">{{cite book|author=Bart L. Lewis|title=The Miraculous Lie: Lope de Aguirre and the Search for El Dorado in the Latin American Historical Novel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJfqbKUsVq8C&pg=PA32|year=2003|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-0787-4|page=32}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cG8_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA35|year=1861|publisher=The Society|page=35}}</ref> In 1551, Aguirre returned to [[Potosí]], then still part of Peru and now part of Bolivia.<ref name="Eufemann-Barria2014"/>

The judge, Francisco de Esquivel, arrested him and charged him with an infraction of the laws protecting the Indians.  The judge discounted Aguirre's justifications and his claims of belonging to the Spanish [[Hidalgo (Spanish nobility)|gentry]] and sentenced him to a public flogging.<ref name="Eufemann-Barria2014">{{cite book|author=Elsa Eufemann-Barria|title=Orellana, Ursúa y Lope de Aguirre: Sus hazañas novelescas por el río Amazonas (siglo XVI)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pkuRBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA192|date=16 October 2014|isbn=978-84-940067-1-5|page=192}}</ref> His pride wounded, Aguirre waited for the end of the judge's mandate to avenge his honor. Fearing Aguirre's vengeance, the judge fled, changing his residence constantly.<ref name="Sorondo2010" />

Aguirre pursued Esquivel to Lima, [[Quito]] and then to [[Cusco|Cuzco]], missing him in all three places. For three years he trailed Esquivel on foot and without shoes, his soldiers following this obstinate pursuit with interest.<ref name="Pan-American1922">{{cite book|author=L.E. Elliot|title=The Pan-American Magazine|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xwdBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA10|edition=1|volume=XXXIV|date=January 1922|publisher=Pan_American Magazine|page=10|chapter=Lope de Aguirre, The Traitor: A Tragedy of Exploration in the Americas}}</ref> Aguirre found him in Cuzco, taking a nap in the library of his house, and wearing a coat of chain mail he always wore for fear of Aguirre. Aguirre crept up to the sleeping Esquivel and stabbed him twice with a dagger. When the mail stopped his blows to the former magistrate's body, he stabbed him in the right temple and killed him.<ref name="Connell2015">{{cite book|author=Evan Connell|title=Aztec Treasure House|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EpIwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT202|date=1 July 2015|publisher=Counterpoint LLC|isbn=978-1-61902-691-9|page=202}}</ref><ref name="Silverberg1996">{{cite book|author=Robert Silverberg|title=The Golden Dream: Seekers of El Dorado|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HE11AAAAMAAJ&q=%22a%20house%20near%20the%20cathedral%22|year=1996|publisher=Ohio University Press|page=209|isbn=9780821411704}}</ref><ref name="Viola1865">{{cite book|author=Miguel Navarro Viola|title=Revista de Buenos Aires: Historia Americana, literatura, derecho y veriedades|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eI84AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA554|year=1865|publisher=Mayo|page=554}}</ref> Protected by friends who had hidden him, Aguirre fled from Cuzco and took refuge with a relative in [[Huamanga]].

In 1554, needing to put down the rebellion of Hernández Girón, [[Alonso de Alvarado]] secured a pardon for everyone who had been affiliated with Aguirre and enlisted in his army. Aguirre fought and was wounded by two musket shots at the Battle of Chuquingua against Girón, resulting in an incurable limp that caused his peers to ostracise him.<ref>{{cite book|title=Americas (English Ed.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MV4RAAAAIAAJ|year=1963|publisher=Organization of American States|page=31}}</ref>

===Search for El Dorado===
Together with his daughter Elvira, Aguirre joined the 1560 expedition of [[Pedro de Ursúa]] down the [[Marañón River (Peru)|Marañón]] and [[Amazon River]]s with 300 Spaniards and hundreds of natives.<ref name="PastorCallau2011">{{cite book|author1=Beatriz Pastor|author2=Sergio Callau|title=Lope de Aguirre y la rebelión de los marañones|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19ADt-_oYZIC&pg=PA1524|date=1 January 2011|publisher=Parkstone International|isbn=978-84-9740-535-5|pages=1524–1525}}</ref> The actual goal of Ursúa was to send idle veterans from the [[Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire]] away, to keep them from trouble-making. A year later, Aguirre participated in the overthrow and killing of Ursúa and his successor, Fernando de Guzmán, whom he ultimately succeeded.<ref name="DouglassBilbao2005">{{cite book|author1=William A. Douglass|author2=Jon Bilbao|title=Amerikanuak: Basques in the New World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8KzfK1QwxDIC&pg=PA84|year=2005|publisher=University of Nevada Press|isbn=978-0-87417-625-4|page=84}}</ref><ref name="GonzálezTur1981">{{cite book|author1=Elena Mampel González|author2=Neus Escandell Tur|title=Lope de Aguirre: Crónicas, 1559-1561|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=76qVv67CEPcC&pg=PA132|date=1 January 1981|publisher=Edicions Universitat Barcelona|isbn=978-84-85411-51-1|page=132}}</ref> He and his men reached the Atlantic, probably by the [[Orinoco]] River. On 23 March 1561, Aguirre urged 186 officers and soldiers to sign a statement acknowledging him as "Prince of Peru, [[Province of Tierra Firme|Tierra Firme]] and Chile".<ref name="Sorondo2010 page=124">{{cite book|author=Gabriel Sánchez Sorondo|title=Historia oculta de la conquista de América|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yB3RCea86w4C&pg=PA124|date=1 January 2010|publisher=Ediciones Nowtilus S.L.|isbn=978-84-9763-601-8|page=124}}</ref>

In 1561, he seized [[Isla Margarita]] and suppressed any opposition to his reign, killing the governor. When he crossed to the mainland in an attempt to take Panama, his open rebellion against the [[Spanish monarchy|Spanish crown]] came to an end. He was surrounded at [[Barquisimeto|Barquisimeto, Venezuela]], where he killed his daughter, Elvira,<ref name="GonzálezTur1981a">{{cite book|author1=Elena Mampel González|author2=Neus Escandell Tur|title=Lope de Aguirre: Crónicas, 1559-1561|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=76qVv67CEPcC&pg=PA273|date=1 January 1981|publisher=Edicions Universitat Barcelona|isbn=978-84-85411-51-1|page=273}}</ref> "because someone that I loved so much should not come to be bedded by uncouth people".  He was eventually captured by royalist forces and shot to death by his own soldier, Custodio Hernandez.<ref name="Lewis03p18">Lewis 2003, p. 18</ref><ref name="Echevarría1996"/>

His body was beheaded and cut into quarters, with pieces being sent to nearby towns as a warning. According to the account of Fray [[Pedro Simón]], the skull of Aguirre remained in the town square of Valencia at least forty years after his demise.<ref name="Lewis03p18" /><ref name="Echevarría1996">{{cite book|author=Roberto Gonzalez Echevarría|title=The Cambridge History of Latin American Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8lrcKp81eawC&pg=PA159|date=13 September 1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-34069-4|page=159}}</ref> In a ''post-mortem'' [[trial of residence]] held in El Tocuyo, Aguirre was found guilty of the crime of ''[[Lèse-majesté]]''. In Mérida and El Tocuyo several of his soldiers were brought to trial, found guilty of the crimes committed and sentenced to death by dismemberment.