Editing Lombok Strait (section)

== Oceanic features ==
{{See also|Indonesian Throughflow}}
[[File:Clouds over Lombok Strait, Gili Islands, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.jpg|thumb|left|280px|Lombok Strait, [[Gili Islands]]]]

The Lombok Strait is notable as one of the main passages for the [[Indonesian Throughflow]] (ITF) that exchanges water between the Indian Ocean and the [[Pacific Ocean]]. The formation of the Lombok Strait is influenced by oceanic tidal mixing, [[Ocean heat content|heat content of the water masses]], and seasonal changes. As the Lombok Strait is situated between Bali and Lombok, it is an exit way for the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) which connects the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.<ref name=":1" /> As a result of this, oceanic tidal mixing occurs. Oceanic tidal mixing occurs in shallow seas and near-coastal areas.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://sydney.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?&context=PC&vid=61USYD_INST:sydney&docid=cdi_proquest_journals_2216940007|access-date=2021-05-31|website=sydney.primo.exlibrisgroup.com|language=en}}</ref> Tidal mixing can induce an [[oscillation]] in [[sea surface temperature]]s (SST) during the near-fortnightly spring-neap period.<ref name=":9" /> Tidal mixing in the waters of the Indonesian [[archipelago]] is particularly intense due to the rough [[topography]] in the Lifamatola, [[Manipa]], [[Ombai Strait|Ombai]], and Lombok Straits, and the [[Sibutu Islands|Sibutu Island]] chains.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://sydney.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?&context=PC&vid=61USYD_INST:sydney&docid=cdi_gale_infotracacademiconefile_A652263027|access-date=2021-05-31|website=sydney.primo.exlibrisgroup.com|language=en}}</ref> The Lombok Strait is a strong tidal mixing hotspot. This is because numerical simulations have shown that there is a large conversion of [[Semidiurnal tide|semidiurnal]] M2 [[Barotropic fluid|barotropic]] to [[Baroclinity|baroclinic]] [[internal tide]]s surrounding the Nusa Penida Sill (NPS).<ref name=":10" />

The Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) affects the climate of the region as it regulates the position of [[hot pools]] in the Indian Ocean. [[Climate change]] occurs as the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) contributes to the contained heat content in the strait and its sea surface temperatures (SST). The location of the strait causes the heat content of the water masses to be influenced by the [[monsoon]] season in Asia, and [[El Niño–Southern Oscillation|El-Niño Southern Oscillation]] (ENSO) and [[Indian Ocean Dipole]] (IOD) which are climate phenomena.<ref name=":1" /> Moreover, the monsoon season from December to May causes precipitation to occur and fresh water to form at the Java Sea, which in turn, influences the [[salinity]] of the Lombok Strait.<ref name=":10" /> This makes the Lombok Strait distinct from other bodies of water along the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]] chain. The ocean heat content of the Lombok Strait is determined by ocean-atmosphere interactions. This is crucial to climate change because heat is mostly absorbed by the oceans, which cover 70% of the earth’s surface. An increase in ocean heat content accompanied by the melting of ice caps, leads to an increase in sea levels, which ultimately results to a disruption in [[ecosystem]]s and the lifestyles of human life. The fortnightly cycles of the ocean’s sea surface temperatures (SST) and Bali’s atmosphere have a peak seasonal cycle, which takes place during boreal summer.<ref name=":9" />

The monsoon season also determines the wave properties of the Lombok Strait. The arc-like [[internal wave]] and the irregular internal wave are wave patterns which occur as a result of seasonal influences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sydney.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?&context=PC&vid=61USYD_INST:sydney&docid=cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_1919953212|access-date=2021-05-17|website=sydney.primo.exlibrisgroup.com|language=en}}</ref> The tide flow is controlled through Nusa Penida Sill (NPS), reaching 350 m in depth.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://sydney.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?&context=PC&vid=61USYD_INST:sydney&docid=cdi_gale_infotracacademiconefile_A652263027|access-date=2021-05-17|website=sydney.primo.exlibrisgroup.com|language=en}}</ref> The Lombok Strait features strong [[Semidiurnal tides|semi-diurnal tides]] of ~90 m in [[amplitude]] with a distance of 30&nbsp;km from the Nusa Penida Sill (NPS).<ref name=":11" /> The flow of the strait waters also makes it distinctive as it consists of a layered structure: the upper layer has a permanent southward flow and the lower layer has a reversing southward-northward flow.<ref name=":11" />