Editing Lombok (section)

== History ==
[[File:Hoofden van Lombok, 1870-1890.jpg|thumb|The [[Sasak chiefs]] of Lombok who allied with the Dutch to resist [[Karangasem Regency|Karangasem]] occupation.]]
[[File:75 ct diamond Lombok treasure Museum Volkenkunde Leiden.jpg|thumb|A 75 carat diamond on exhibit at the [[Museum Volkenkunde]], Leiden. It was taken, together with {{convert|230|kg|0|abbr=on}} of gold, {{convert|7000|kg|0|abbr=on}} of silver and three chests of jewels and precious stones from the royal palace of Lombok after a Dutch invasion in 1894. Only part of the treasure was handed back to Indonesia in 1977.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://collectie.wereldculturen.nl/|title=NMVW-collectie|website=collectie.wereldculturen.nl}}</ref>]]

The 14th century [[Majapahit]] manuscript [[Nagarakretagama]] canto 14 mentioned "Lombok Mirah" as one of island identified under Majapahit suzerainty.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indonesia, The Majapahit Era |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia/The-Majapahit-era |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Other than the ''Babad Lombok'' document which records the [[1257 Samalas eruption]], little is known about Lombok before the seventeenth century. Before this time it was made up of numerous competing and feuding petty states, each of which was presided over by a Sasak 'prince'. This disunity was taken advantage of by the neighbouring Balinese who took control of western Lombok in the early seventeenth century.

The [[Makassarese people|Makassarese]] meanwhile invaded eastern Lombok from their colonies in neighbouring [[Sumbawa]]. The [[Dutch people|Dutch]] had first visited Lombok in 1674 and the [[Dutch East India Company]] concluded its first treaty with the Sasak Princess of Lombok. The Balinese had managed to take over the whole island by 1750, but Balinese infighting resulted in the island being split into four feuding Balinese kingdoms. In 1838, the Mataram kingdom brought its rivals under control.

Relations between the [[Sasak]] and Balinese in western Lombok were largely harmonious and intermarriage was common. In the island's east, however, relations were less cordial and the Balinese maintained control from garrisoned forts. While Sasak village government remained in place, the village head became little more than a tax collector for the Balinese. Villagers became a kind of [[serf]] and Sasak aristocracy lost much of its power and land holdings.
[[File:Lombok 1894 J. Hoynck van Papendrecht 1858 1933.jpg|thumb|left|[[Dutch intervention in Lombok and Karangasem]] against the [[Karangasem Regency|Karangasemese]] people of [[Bali]] in 1894.]]

During one of the many Sasak peasant rebellions against the Balinese, Sasak chiefs sent envoys to the Dutch in Bali and invited them to rule Lombok. In June 1894, the governor general of the Dutch East Indies, Van der Wijck, signed a treaty with Sasak rebels in eastern Lombok. He sent a large army to Lombok and the Balinese raja capitulated to Dutch demands. (see [[Dutch intervention in Lombok and Karangasem|Dutch intervention in Lombok]]) The younger princes however overruled the raja and attacked and pushed back the Dutch. The Dutch counterattacked overrunning Mataram and the raja surrendered. The entire island was annexed to the [[Netherlands East Indies]] in 1895. The Dutch ruled over Lombok's 500,000 people with a force of no more than 250 by cultivating the support of the Balinese and Sasak aristocracy. The Dutch are remembered in Lombok as liberators from Balinese hegemony.

During [[World War II]] a Japanese invasion force comprising elements of the [[Southern Expeditionary Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)#2nd Southern Expeditionary Fleet|2nd Southern Expeditionary Fleet]] invaded and occupied the Lesser Sunda Islands, including the island of Lombok. They sailed from [[Soerabaja]] harbour at 09:00 hrs on 8 March 1942 and proceeded towards Lombok Island. On 9 March 1942 at 17:00 hrs the fleet sailed into port of [[Ampenan]] on Lombok Island. The Dutch defenders were soon defeated and the island occupied.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Klemen |first=L. |date=1999–2000 |title=The Lesser Sunda Islands 1941-1942 |website=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942 |url=https://warfarewest.x10host.com/dutcheastindies/lesser_sunda.html }}</ref>

Following the cessation of hostilities the Japanese forces occupying Indonesia were withdrawn and Lombok returned temporarily to Dutch control. Following the subsequent Indonesian independence from the Dutch, the Balinese and Sasak aristocracy continued to dominate Lombok. In 1958, the island was incorporated into the province of [[West Nusa Tenggara]] with Mataram becoming the provincial capital. [[Indonesian killings of 1965-66|Mass killings of communists]] occurred across the island following [[30 September Movement|the abortive coup attempt]] in Jakarta and Central Java. During [[President Suharto]]'s [[Orde Baru|New Order]] administration (1967–1998), Lombok experienced a degree of stability and development but not to the extent of the boom and wealth in Java and Bali. Crop failures led to famine in 1966 and food shortages in 1973. The national government's ''[[transmigrasi]]'' program moved a lot of people out of Lombok. The 1980s saw external developers and speculators instigate a nascent tourism boom although local's share of earnings was limited. Indonesia's political and economic crises of the late 1990s hit Lombok hard. In January 2000, riots broke out across Mataram with [[Christians]] and ethnic Chinese the main victims, with alleged ''agents provocateur'' from outside Lombok. Tourism slumped, but in recent years has seen a renewed growth.
[[File:Joko Widodo Lombok Earthquake damage.jpg|thumb|left|President [[Joko Widodo]] examining the earthquake damage.]]

=== 2018 earthquakes ===
The [[July 2018 Lombok earthquake]] killed 20 people and injured hundreds more. The earthquake caused significant damage to Lombok island and was the foreshock of a larger earthquake that followed eight days later.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 August 2018 |title=Korban Jiwa Gempa Lombok Bertambah Jadi 20 Orang |language=id |trans-title=Lombok Earthquake Death Toll Increases To 20 People |work=Liputan6.com |url=https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/3610277/korban-jiwa-gempa-lombok-bertambah-jadi-20-orang |access-date=2018-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 July 2018 |title=Asia Pacific: Multiple Disasters Affect Millions in the Region |language=en |work=ReliefWeb |publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/lao-peoples-democratic-republic/asia-pacific-multiple-disasters-affect-millions-region |access-date=2 August 2018}}</ref> The [[5 August 2018 Lombok earthquake]] had a [[moment magnitude]] of 7.0, and it caused catastrophic damage to North Lombok and also caused damage to nearby [[Bali]]. In total, it caused over 550 deaths and more than 7000 were injured.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lamb |first=Kate |date=6 August 2018 |title=Indonesia Earthquake: At Least 91 Dead After Quake Strikes Lombok and Bali |language=en |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/05/powerful-earthquake-strikes-indonesia-killing-at-least-three |access-date=6 August 2018}}</ref> Another Lombok earthquake occurred on [[19 August 2018 Lombok earthquake|19 August 2018]], killing 13 people and damaging 1800 buildings.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 August 2018 |title=Quake Swarm Jolts Indonesian Islands, Killing at Least 13 |language=en |work=Bangkok Post |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/1525142/quake-swarm-jolts-indonesian-islands-killing-at-least-13}}</ref>

Initially, the Indonesian [[BNPB|National Board for Disaster Management]] refused international aid, claiming "earthquakes did not constitute a national emergency" and that locals were capable enough to respond without help.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bimal |first=Paul |date=22 September 2018 |title=Lombok Earthquakes Reveal that Indonesia's Disaster Management Is Shaky |url=https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2018/09/22/lombok-earthquakes-reveal-that-indonesias-disaster-management-is-shaky/ |access-date=22 September 2018 |website=East Asia Forum |language=en}}</ref> However, the infrastructure for disaster management and relief was not adequately in place in and around Lombok; therefore, the first responders to the disaster were stretched local government agencies such as police & military personnel, domestic and foreign volunteers and business owners in the parts of Lombok that were less affected by the quakes, including the Gili islands. Small scale international fundraising initiatives were organised through social networks and the web to help source basic resources such as food & clean water,<ref>{{Cite press release |title=More Lifesaving Aid Needed Urgently as A Third Big Earthquake Hits Lombok |date=9 August 2018 |publisher=Oxfam International |url=https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/more-lifesaving-aid-needed-urgently-third-big-earthquake-hits-lombok |language=en |access-date=9 August 2018}}</ref> and begin assisting with temporary and permanent shelter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2020 |title=Lombok Earthquake |url=https://www.gilibookings.com/blog/lombok-earthquake |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Gilibookings.com |language=en}}</ref> This was vital in the early stages of the disaster, before larger scale government assistance arrived.