Editing Loanword (section)

==Linguistic classification==

Loanwords are adapted from one language to another in a variety of ways.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kenstowicz |first1=Michael |title=Issues in loanword adaptation: A case study from Thai |journal=Lingua |date=June 2006 |volume=116 |issue=7 |pages=921–949 |doi=10.1016/j.lingua.2005.05.006 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0024384105001002}}</ref>
The studies by [[Werner Betz]] (1971, 1901), [[Einar Haugen]] (1958, also 1956), and [[Uriel Weinreich]] (1963) are regarded as the classical theoretical works on loan influence.<ref>Compare the two survey articles by Oksaar (1992: 4f.), Stanforth (2021) and Grzega (2003, 2018).</ref> The basic theoretical statements all take Betz's nomenclature as their starting point. Duckworth (1977) enlarges Betz's scheme by the type "partial substitution" and supplements the system with English terms. A schematic illustration of these classifications is given below.<ref>The following comments and examples are taken from Grzega, Joachim (2004), ''Bezeichnungswandel: Wie, Warum, Wozu?'', Heidelberg: Winter, p. 139, and Grzega, Joachim (2003), [http://www1.ku-eichstaett.de/SLF/EngluVglSW/grzega1032.pdf "Borrowing as a Word-Finding Process in Cognitive Historical Onomasiology"], ''[http://www.onomasiology.de Onomasiology Online]'' 4: 22&ndash;42.</ref>

The phrase "foreign word" used in the image below is a mistranslation of the German ''Fremdwort'', which refers to loanwords whose pronunciation, spelling, inflection or gender have not been adapted to the new language such that they no longer seem foreign. Such a separation of loanwords into two distinct categories is not used by linguists in English in talking about any language. Basing such a separation mainly on spelling is (or, in fact, was) not common except amongst German linguists, and only when talking about German and sometimes other languages that tend to adapt foreign spellings, which is rare in English unless the word has been widely used for a long time.

According to the linguist Suzanne Kemmer, the expression "foreign word" can be defined as follows in English: "[W]hen most speakers do not know the word and if they hear it think it is from another language, the word can be called a foreign word. There are many foreign words and phrases used in English such as bon vivant (French), mutatis mutandis (Latin), and Schadenfreude (German)."<ref>[http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Words/loanwords.html Loanwords] by S. Kemmer, Rice University</ref> This is not how the term is used in this illustration:

[[File:Loanword classification tree 3.gif|800px]]

On the basis of an importation-substitution distinction, Haugen (1950: 214f.) distinguishes three basic groups of borrowings: "(1) ''Loanwords'' show morphemic importation without substitution.... (2) ''Loanblends'' show morphemic substitution as well as importation.... (3) ''Loanshifts'' show morphemic substitution without importation". Haugen later refined (1956) his model in a review of Gneuss's (1955) book on Old English loan coinages, whose classification, in turn, is the one by Betz (1949) again.

Weinreich (1953: 47ff.) differentiates between two mechanisms of lexical interference, namely those initiated by simple words and those initiated by compound words and phrases. Weinreich (1953: 47) defines ''simple words'' "from the point of view of the bilinguals who perform the transfer, rather than that of the descriptive linguist. Accordingly, the category 'simple' words also includes compounds that are transferred in unanalysed form". After this general classification, Weinreich then resorts to Betz's (1949) terminology.