Editing Livermorium (section)

== History ==
=== Unsuccessful synthesis attempts ===
The first search for element 116, using the reaction between <sup>248</sup>Cm and <sup>48</sup>Ca, was performed in 1977 by Ken Hulet and his team at the [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] (LLNL). They were unable to detect any atoms of livermorium.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.385 |title=Search for Superheavy Elements in the Bombardment of <sup>248</sup>Cm with<sup>48</sup>Ca |year=1977 |last1=Hulet |first1=E. K. |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=39 |pages=385–389 |last2=Lougheed |first2=R. |last3=Wild |first3=J. |last4=Landrum |first4=J. |last5=Stevenson |first5=P. |last6=Ghiorso |first6=A. |last7=Nitschke |first7=J. |last8=Otto |first8=R. |last9=Morrissey |first9=D. |last10=Baisden |first10=P. |last11=Gavin |first11=B. |last12=Lee |first12=D. |last13=Silva |first13=R. |last14=Fowler |first14=M. |last15=Seaborg |first15=G. |bibcode=1977PhRvL..39..385H |issue=7 |display-authors=8}}</ref> [[Yuri Oganessian]] and his team at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (FLNR) in the [[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] (JINR) subsequently attempted the reaction in 1978 and met failure. In 1985, in a joint experiment between Berkeley and Peter Armbruster's team at GSI, the result was again negative, with a calculated [[cross section (physics)|cross section]] limit of 10–100&nbsp;pb. Work on reactions with <sup>48</sup>Ca, which had proved very useful in the synthesis of [[nobelium]] from the <sup>nat</sup>Pb+<sup>48</sup>Ca reaction, nevertheless continued at Dubna, with a superheavy element separator being developed in 1989, a search for target materials and starting of collaborations with LLNL being started in 1990, production of more intense <sup>48</sup>Ca beams being started in 1996, and preparations for long-term experiments with 3 orders of magnitude higher sensitivity being performed in the early 1990s. This work led directly to the production of new isotopes of elements 112 to 118 in the reactions of <sup>48</sup>Ca with actinide targets and the discovery of the 5 heaviest elements on the periodic table: [[flerovium]], [[moscovium]], livermorium, [[tennessine]], and [[oganesson]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.54.406 |title=Attempts to Produce Superheavy Elements by Fusion of <sup>48</sup>Ca with <sup>248</sup>Cm in the Bombarding Energy Range of 4.5–5.2&nbsp;MeV/u |year=1985 |last1=Armbruster |first1=P. |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=54 |pages=406–409 |pmid=10031507 |last2=Agarwal |first2=YK |last3=Brüchle |first3=W |last4=Brügger |first4=M |last5=Dufour |first5=JP |last6=Gaggeler |first6=H |last7=Hessberger |first7=FP |last8=Hofmann |first8=S |last9=Lemmertz |first9=P |last10=Münzenberg |first10=G. |last11=Poppensieker |first11=K. |last12=Reisdorf |first12=W. |last13=Schädel |first13=M. |last14=Schmidt |first14=K. |last15=Schneider |first15=J. |last16=Schneider |first16=W. |last17=Sümmerer |first17=K. |last18=Vermeulen |first18=D. |last19=Wirth |first19=G. |last20=Ghiorso |first20=A. |last21=Gregorich |first21=K. |last22=Lee |first22=D. |last23=Leino |first23=M. |last24=Moody |first24=K. |last25=Seaborg |first25=G. |last26=Welch |first26=R. |last27=Wilmarth |first27=P. |last28=Yashita |first28=S. |last29=Frink |first29=C. |last30=Greulich |first30=N. |issue=5 |bibcode=1985PhRvL..54..406A |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233843 |display-authors=8}}</ref>

In 1995, an international team led by [[Sigurd Hofmann]] at the [[Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung]] (GSI) in [[Darmstadt]], [[Germany]] attempted to synthesise element 116 in a radiative capture reaction (in which the compound nucleus de-excites through pure [[gamma emission]] without evaporating neutrons) between a [[lead]]-208 target and [[selenium]]-82 projectiles. No atoms of element 116 were identified.<ref>{{cite conference |url=https://www.epj-conferences.org/articles/epjconf/pdf/2016/26/epjconf-NS160-06001.pdf |title=The discovery of elements 107 to 112 |last1=Hofmann |first1=Sigurd |journal=EPJ Web of Conferences |date=1 December 2016 |volume=131 |page=06001 |conference=Nobel Symposium NS160 – Chemistry and Physics of Heavy and Superheavy Elements |doi=10.1051/epjconf/201613106001|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Unconfirmed discovery claims ===
In late 1998, Polish physicist [[Robert Smolańczuk]] published calculations on the fusion of atomic nuclei towards the synthesis of [[superheavy element|superheavy atoms]], including [[oganesson|elements 118]] and 116.<ref name="Smolanczuk">{{cite journal|author=Smolanczuk, R.|journal=Physical Review C|volume=59|issue=5|date=1999|title=Production mechanism of superheavy nuclei in cold fusion reactions|pages=2634–2639|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.59.2634|bibcode = 1999PhRvC..59.2634S}}</ref> His calculations suggested that it might be possible to make these two elements by fusing [[lead]] with [[krypton]] under carefully controlled conditions.<ref name="Smolanczuk" />

In 1999, researchers at [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]] made use of these predictions and announced the discovery of elements 118 and 116, in a paper published in ''[[Physical Review Letters]]'',<ref name="Ninov83.1104">{{cite journal|last1=Ninov|first1=Viktor|last2=Gregorich|first2=K.|last3=Loveland|first3=W.|last4=Ghiorso|first4=A.|last5=Hoffman|first5=D.|last6=Lee|first6=D.|last7=Nitsche|first7=H.|last8=Swiatecki|first8=W.|last9=Kirbach|first9=U.|first10=C. |last10=Laue|first11=J. |last11=Adams|first12=J. |last12=Patin|first13=D. |last13=Shaughnessy|first14=D. |last14=Strellis|first15=P. |last15=Wilk|title=Observation of Superheavy Nuclei Produced in the Reaction of {{SimpleNuclide|Krypton|86}} with {{SimpleNuclide|Lead|208}}|journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]|volume=83|pages=1104–1107|date=1999|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.1104|bibcode=1999PhRvL..83.1104N|issue=6 |display-authors=10|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233919}}{{Retraction|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.039901|intentional=yes}}</ref> and very soon after the results were reported in ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Service, R. F.|journal=Science|date=1999|volume=284|page=1751|doi=10.1126/science.284.5421.1751|title=Berkeley Crew Bags Element 118|issue=5421|s2cid=220094113}}</ref> The researchers reported to have performed the [[nuclear reaction|reaction]]

:{{nuclide|Krypton|86}} + {{nuclide|Lead|208}} → {{nuclide|oganesson|293}} + {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Neutron}} → {{nuclide|Livermorium|289}} + [[alpha particle|α]]

The following year, they published a retraction after researchers at other laboratories were unable to duplicate the results and the Berkeley lab itself was unable to duplicate them as well.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://enews.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/118-retraction.html|publisher=Berkeley Lab|author=Public Affairs Department|title=Results of element 118 experiment retracted|date=2001-07-21|access-date=2008-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129191344/http://enews.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/118-retraction.html|archive-date=2008-01-29}}</ref> In June 2002, the director of the lab announced that the original claim of the discovery of these two elements had been based on data fabricated by principal author [[Victor Ninov]].<ref>{{cite journal|pages=728–729|title=Misconduct: The stars who fell to Earth|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=420|doi=10.1038/420728a|date=2002|pmid=12490902|last1=Dalton|first1=R.|issue=6917|bibcode = 2002Natur.420..728D |s2cid=4398009}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071012075515/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2629 Element 118 disappears two years after it was discovered]. Physicsworld.com (August 2, 2001). Retrieved on 2012-04-02.</ref> The isotope <sup>289</sup>Lv was finally discovered in 2024 at the JINR.<ref name=jinr2024/>

=== Discovery ===
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Curium target livermorium.jpg|thumb|left|Curium-248 target used in the synthesis of livermorium]] -->
Livermorium was first synthesized on July 19, 2000, when scientists at [[Dubna]] ([[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research|JINR]]) bombarded a [[curium-248]] target with accelerated [[calcium-48]] ions. A single atom was detected, decaying by [[alpha decay|alpha emission]] with [[decay energy]] 10.54&nbsp;[[electronvolt|MeV]] to an isotope of [[flerovium]]. The results were published in December 2000.<ref name="00Og01">{{cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.63.011301|title=Observation of the decay of <sup>292</sup>116|date=2000|author=Oganessian, Yu. Ts.|journal=Physical Review C|volume=63|issue=1|page=011301|bibcode=2000PhRvC..63a1301O|last2=Utyonkov|last3=Lobanov|last4=Abdullin|last5=Polyakov|last6=Shirokovsky|last7=Tsyganov|last8=Gulbekian|last9=Bogomolov|last10=Gikal|last11=Mezentsev|last12=Iliev|last13=Subbotin|last14=Sukhov|last15=Ivanov|last16=Buklanov|last17=Subotic|last18=Itkis|last19=Moody|last20=Wild|last21=Stoyer|last22=Stoyer|last23=Lougheed|last24=Laue|last25=Karelin|last26=Tatarinov}}</ref>

:{{nuclide|curium|248}} + {{nuclide|calcium|48}} → {{nuclide|livermorium|296}}* → {{nuclide|livermorium|293}} + 3 {{nuclide|neutronium|1}} → {{nuclide|flerovium|289}} + α

The [[decay product|daughter]] flerovium isotope had properties matching those of a flerovium isotope first synthesized in June 1999, which was originally assigned to <sup>288</sup>Fl,<ref name="00Og01" /> implying an assignment of the parent livermorium isotope to <sup>292</sup>Lv. Later work in December 2002 indicated that the synthesized flerovium isotope was actually <sup>289</sup>Fl, and hence the assignment of the synthesized livermorium atom was correspondingly altered to <sup>293</sup>Lv.<ref name="04Og01" />

=== Road to confirmation ===
Two further atoms were reported by the institute during their second experiment during April–May 2001.<ref name="03Pa01">[https://e-reports-ext.llnl.gov/pdf/302186.pdf "Confirmed results of the <sup>248</sup>Cm(<sup>48</sup>Ca,4n)<sup>292</sup>116 experiment"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130164119/https://e-reports-ext.llnl.gov/pdf/302186.pdf |date=2016-01-30 }}, ''Patin et al.'', ''LLNL report (2003)''. Retrieved 2008-03-03</ref> In the same experiment they also detected a decay chain which corresponded to the first observed decay of [[flerovium]] in December 1998, which had been assigned to <sup>289</sup>Fl.<ref name="03Pa01" /> No flerovium isotope with the same properties as the one found in December 1998 has ever been observed again, even in repeats of the same reaction. Later it was found that <sup>289</sup>Fl has different decay properties and that the first observed flerovium atom may have been its [[nuclear isomer]] <sup>289m</sup>Fl.<ref name="00Og01" /><ref name="04OgJINRPP">{{cite journal|last1=Oganessian |first1=Yu. Ts. |last2=Utyonkov |first2=V. K. |date=2004 |title=Measurements of cross sections and decay properties of the isotopes of elements 112, 114, and 116 produced in the fusion reactions <sup>233,238</sup>U, <sup>242</sup>Pu, and <sup>248</sup>Cm + <sup>48</sup>Ca |url=http://www.jinr.ru/publish/Preprints/2004/160(E7-2004-160).pdf |journal=[[Physical Review C]] |volume=70 |issue=6 |page=064609 |bibcode=2004PhRvC..70f4609O |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.70.064609 |last3=Lobanov |first3=Yu. |last4=Abdullin |first4=F. |last5=Polyakov |first5=A. |last6=Shirokovsky |first6=I. |last7=Tsyganov |first7=Yu. |last8=Gulbekian |first8=G. |last9=Bogomolov |first9=S. |last10=Gikal |first10=B. |last11=Mezentsev |first11=A. |last12=Iliev |first12=S. |last13=Subbotin |first13=V. |last14=Sukhov |first14=A. |last15=Voinov |first15=A. |last16=Buklanov |first16=G. |last17=Subotic |first17=K. |last18=Zagrebaev |first18=V. |last19=Itkis |first19=M. |last20=Patin |first20=J. |last21=Moody |first21=K. |last22=Wild |first22=J. |last23=Stoyer |first23=M. |last24=Stoyer |first24=N. |last25=Shaughnessy |first25=D. |last26=Kenneally |first26=J. |last27=Wilk |first27=P. |last28=Lougheed |first28=R. |last29=Il'Kaev |first29=R. |last30=Vesnovskii |first30=S. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528130343/http://www.jinr.ru/publish/Preprints/2004/160%28E7-2004-160%29.pdf |archive-date=May 28, 2008 }}</ref> The observation of <sup>289m</sup>Fl in this series of experiments may indicate the formation of a parent isomer of livermorium, namely <sup>293m</sup>Lv, or a rare and previously unobserved decay branch of the already-discovered state <sup>293</sup>Lv to <sup>289m</sup>Fl. Neither possibility is certain, and research is required to positively assign this activity. Another possibility suggested is the assignment of the original December 1998 atom to <sup>290</sup>Fl, as the low beam energy used in that original experiment makes the 2n channel plausible; its parent could then conceivably be <sup>294</sup>Lv, but this assignment would still need confirmation in the <sup>248</sup>Cm(<sup>48</sup>Ca,2n)<sup>294</sup>Lv reaction.<ref name="00Og01" /><ref name="04OgJINRPP" /><ref name="Hofmann2016">{{cite journal |last1=Hofmann |first1=S. |last2=Heinz |first2=S. |first3=R. |last3=Mann |first4=J. |last4=Maurer |first5=G. |last5=Münzenberg |first6=S. |last6=Antalic |first7=W. |last7=Barth |first8=H. G. |last8=Burkhard |first9=L. |last9=Dahl |first10=K. |last10=Eberhardt |first11=R. |last11=Grzywacz |first12=J. H. |last12=Hamilton |first13=R. A. |last13=Henderson |first14=J. M. |last14=Kenneally |first15=B. |last15=Kindler |first16=I. |last16=Kojouharov |first17=R. |last17=Lang |first18=B. |last18=Lommel |first19=K. |last19=Miernik |first20=D. |last20=Miller |first21=K. J. |last21=Moody |first22=K. |last22=Morita |first23=K. |last23=Nishio |first24=A. G. |last24=Popeko |first25=J. B. |last25=Roberto |first26=J. |last26=Runke |first27=K. P. |last27=Rykaczewski |first28=S. |last28=Saro |first29=C. |last29=Scheidenberger |first30=H. J. |last30=Schött |first31=D. A. |last31=Shaughnessy |first32=M. A. |last32=Stoyer |first33=P. |last33=Thörle-Popiesch |first34=K. |last34=Tinschert |first35=N. |last35=Trautmann |first36=J. |last36=Uusitalo |first37=A. V. |last37=Yeremin |date=2016 |title=Review of even element super-heavy nuclei and search for element 120 |journal=The European Physical Journal A |volume=2016 |issue=52 |page=180 |doi=10.1140/epja/i2016-16180-4|bibcode=2016EPJA...52..180H |s2cid=124362890 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/897926 }}</ref>

The team repeated the experiment in April–May 2005 and detected 8 atoms of livermorium. The measured decay data confirmed the assignment of the first-discovered [[isotope]] as <sup>293</sup>Lv. In this run, the team also observed the isotope <sup>292</sup>Lv for the first time.<ref name="04Og01">{{cite journal|title=Measurements of cross sections and decay properties of the isotopes of elements 112, 114, and 116 produced in the fusion reactions <sup>233,238</sup>U, <sup>242</sup>Pu, and <sup>248</sup>Cm+<sup>48</sup>Ca|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.70.064609|year=2004|journal=Physical Review C|volume=70|page=064609|last1=Oganessian|first1=Yu. Ts.|last2=Utyonkov|first2=V.|last3=Lobanov|first3=Yu.|last4=Abdullin|first4=F.|last5=Polyakov|first5=A.|last6=Shirokovsky|first6=I.|last7=Tsyganov|first7=Yu.|last8=Gulbekian|first8=G.|last9=Bogomolov|first9=S.|first10=B. N. |last10=Gikal|first11=A. N. |last11=Mezentsev|first12=S. |last12=Iliev|first13=V. G. |last13=Subbotin|first14=A. M. |last14=Sukhov|first15=A. A. |last15=Voinov|first16=G. V. |last16=Buklanov|first17=K. |last17=Subotic|first18=V. I. |last18=Zagrebaev|first19=M. G. |last19=Itkis|first20=J. B. |last20=Patin|first21=K. J. |last21=Moody|first22=J. F. |last22=Wild|first23=M. A. |last23=Stoyer|first24=N. J. |last24=Stoyer|first25=D. A. |last25=Shaughnessy|first26=J. M. |last26=Kenneally|first27=P. A. |last27=Wilk|first28=R. W. |last28=Lougheed|first29=R. I. |last29=Il'kaev|first30=S. P. |last30=Vesnovskii|display-authors=10|bibcode = 2004PhRvC..70f4609O|issue=6|url=http://www1.jinr.ru/Preprints/2004/160(E7-2004-160).pdf}}</ref> In further experiments from 2004 to 2006, the team replaced the curium-248 target with the lighter [[curium]] isotope [[curium-245]]. Here evidence was found for the two isotopes <sup>290</sup>Lv and <sup>291</sup>Lv.<ref name="JWP" />

In May 2009, the [[IUPAC]]/[[IUPAP]] Joint Working Party reported on the discovery of [[copernicium]] and acknowledged the discovery of the isotope <sup>283</sup>Cn.<ref name="jwr">{{cite journal|journal = [[Pure Appl. Chem.]]|date = 2009|title = Discovery of the element with atomic number 112|format = IUPAC Technical Report|author = Barber, R. C.|author2 = Gaeggeler, H. W.|author3 = Karol, P. J.|author4 = Nakahara, H.|author5 = Verdaci, E.|author6 = Vogt, E.|name-list-style = amp |url = http://media.iupac.org/publications/pac/2009/pdf/8107x1331.pdf|doi = 10.1351/PAC-REP-08-03-05|volume = 81|page = 1331|issue = 7|s2cid = 95703833}}</ref> This implied the ''de facto'' discovery of the isotope <sup>291</sup>Lv, from the acknowledgment of the data relating to its granddaughter <sup>283</sup>Cn, although the livermorium data was not absolutely critical for the demonstration of copernicium's discovery. Also in 2009, confirmation from Berkeley and the [[Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung]] (GSI) in Germany came for the flerovium isotopes 286 to 289, immediate daughters of the four known livermorium isotopes. In 2011, IUPAC evaluated the Dubna team experiments of 2000–2006. Whereas they found the earliest data (not involving <sup>291</sup>Lv and <sup>283</sup>Cn) inconclusive, the results of 2004–2006 were accepted as identification of livermorium, and the element was officially recognized as having been discovered.<ref name="JWP">{{cite journal|last1=Barber |first1=R. C.|last2=Karol |first2=P. J.|last3=Nakahara |first3=H.|last4=Vardaci |first4=E.|last5=Vogt |first5=E. W.|date=2011|title=Discovery of the elements with atomic numbers greater than or equal to 113 (IUPAC Technical Report)|journal=[[Pure and Applied Chemistry]]|volume=83 |issue=7 |page=1485|doi=10.1351/PAC-REP-10-05-01|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The synthesis of livermorium has been separately confirmed at the GSI (2012) and [[RIKEN]] (2014 and 2016).<ref name="gsi12">{{cite journal | doi=10.1140/epja/i2012-12062-1 | volume=48 | issue=5 | page=62 | title=The reaction <sup>48</sup>Ca + <sup>248</sup>Cm → <sup>296</sup>116<sup>*</sup> studied at the GSI-SHIP | journal=The European Physical Journal A| year=2012 | last1=Hofmann | first1=S. | last2=Heinz | first2=S. | last3=Mann | first3=R. | last4=Maurer | first4=J. | last5=Khuyagbaatar | first5=J. | last6=Ackermann | first6=D. | last7=Antalic | first7=S. | last8=Barth | first8=W. | last9=Block | first9=M. | last10=Burkhard | first10=H. G. | last11=Comas | first11=V. F. | last12=Dahl | first12=L. | last13=Eberhardt | first13=K. | last14=Gostic | first14=J. | last15=Henderson | first15=R. A. | last16=Heredia | first16=J. A. | last17=Heßberger | first17=F. P. | last18=Kenneally | first18=J. M. | last19=Kindler | first19=B. | last20=Kojouharov | first20=I. | last21=Kratz | first21=J. V. | last22=Lang | first22=R. | last23=Leino | first23=M. | last24=Lommel | first24=B. | last25=Moody | first25=K. J. | last26=Münzenberg | first26=G. | last27=Nelson | first27=S. L. | last28=Nishio | first28=K. | last29=Popeko | first29=A. G. | last30=Runke | first30=J. | display-authors=29 | bibcode=2012EPJA...48...62H| s2cid=121930293 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.nishina.riken.jp/researcher/APR/APR047/pdf/xi.pdf |title=Measurement of the <sup>248</sup>Cm + <sup>48</sup>Ca fusion reaction products at RIKEN GARIS |page=11 |journal=RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. |volume=47 |year=2014 |author=Morita, K.|display-authors=etal}}</ref> In the 2012 GSI experiment, one chain tentatively assigned to <sup>293</sup>Lv was shown to be inconsistent with previous data; it is believed that this chain may instead originate from an [[nuclear isomer|isomeric state]], <sup>293m</sup>Lv.<ref name="gsi12" /> In the 2016 RIKEN experiment, one atom that may be assigned to <sup>294</sup>Lv was seemingly detected, alpha decaying to <sup>290</sup>Fl and <sup>286</sup>Cn, which underwent spontaneous fission; however, the first alpha from the livermorium nuclide produced was missed, and the assignment to <sup>294</sup>Lv is still uncertain though plausible.<ref name="Kaji">{{cite journal |last1=Kaji |first1=Daiya |last2=Morita |first2=Kosuke |first3=Kouji |last3=Morimoto |first4=Hiromitsu |last4=Haba |first5=Masato |last5=Asai |first6=Kunihiro |last6=Fujita |first7=Zaiguo |last7=Gan |first8=Hans |last8=Geissel |first9=Hiroo |last9=Hasebe |first10=Sigurd |last10=Hofmann |first11=MingHui |last11=Huang |first12=Yukiko |last12=Komori |first13=Long |last13=Ma |first14=Joachim |last14=Maurer |first15=Masashi |last15=Murakami |first16=Mirei |last16=Takeyama |first17=Fuyuki |last17=Tokanai |first18=Taiki |last18=Tanaka |first19=Yasuo |last19=Wakabayashi |first20=Takayuki |last20=Yamaguchi |first21=Sayaka |last21=Yamaki |first22=Atsushi |last22=Yoshida |date=2017 |title=Study of the Reaction <sup>48</sup>Ca + <sup>248</sup>Cm → <sup>296</sup>Lv* at RIKEN-GARIS |journal=Journal of the Physical Society of Japan |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=034201–1–7 |doi=10.7566/JPSJ.86.034201 |bibcode=2017JPSJ...86c4201K }}</ref>

=== Naming ===
[[File:Robert Livermore.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Robert Livermore]], the indirect namesake of livermorium]]
Using [[Mendeleev's predicted elements|Mendeleev's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements]], livermorium is sometimes called ''eka-[[polonium]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1088/0031-8949/10/A/001| title = The Search for New Elements: The Projects of Today in a Larger Perspective| journal = Physica Scripta| volume = 10| pages = 5–12| year = 1974| last1 = Seaborg | first1 = Glenn T. | bibcode = 1974PhyS...10S...5S| s2cid = 250809299}}</ref> In 1979 IUPAC recommended that the [[placeholder name|placeholder]] [[systematic element name]] ''ununhexium'' (''Uuh'')<ref name="iupac">{{cite journal|author=Chatt, J.|journal=Pure Appl. Chem.|date=1979|volume=51|pages=381–384|title=Recommendations for the Naming of Elements of Atomic Numbers Greater than 100|doi=10.1351/pac197951020381|issue=2|doi-access=free}}</ref> be used until the discovery of the element was confirmed and a name was decided. Although widely used in the chemical community on all levels, from chemistry classrooms to advanced textbooks, the recommendations were mostly ignored among scientists in the field,<ref name="Folden">{{cite web|url=http://cyclotron.tamu.edu/smp/The%20Heaviest%20Elements%20in%20the%20Universe.pdf |title=The Heaviest Elements in the Universe |author=Folden, Cody |date=31 January 2009 |website=Texas A&M University |access-date=9 March 2012 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810213232/http://cyclotron.tamu.edu/smp/The%20Heaviest%20Elements%20in%20the%20Universe.pdf |archive-date=August 10, 2014}} "</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/80th/print/darmstadtium.html |title= Darmstadtium and Beyond|journal=Chemical & Engineering News|author=Hoffman, Darleane C. }}</ref> who called it "element 116", with the symbol of ''E116'', ''(116)'', or even simply ''116''.<ref name="Haire" />

According to IUPAC recommendations, the discoverer or discoverers of a new element have the right to suggest a name.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1351/pac200274050787|url=http://media.iupac.org/publications/pac/2002/pdf/7405x0787.pdf|title=Naming of new elements(IUPAC Recommendations 2002)|date=2002|author=Koppenol, W. H.|journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry|volume=74|page=787|issue=5|s2cid=95859397}}</ref> The discovery of livermorium was recognized by the Joint Working Party (JWP) of IUPAC on 1 June 2011, along with that of [[flerovium]].<ref name="JWP" /> According to the vice-director of JINR, the Dubna team originally wanted to name element 116 ''moscovium'', after the [[Moscow Oblast]] in which Dubna is located,<ref name="E114&116">{{cite web|publisher=rian.ru|date=2011|access-date=2011-05-08|url=http://www.rian.ru/science/20110326/358081075.html|title=Russian Physicists Will Suggest to Name Element 116 Moscovium}}: Mikhail Itkis, the vice-director of JINR stated: "We would like to name element 114 after [[Georgy Flerov]] – flerovium, and another one [element 116] – moscovium, not after Moscow, but after [[Moscow Oblast]]".</ref> but it was later decided to use this name for [[moscovium|element 115]] instead. The name ''livermorium'' and the symbol ''Lv'' were adopted on May 23,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Loss|first1=Robert D.|last2=Corish|first2=John|title=Names and symbols of the elements with atomic numbers 114 and 116 (IUPAC Recommendations 2012)|url=http://pac.iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/2012/pdf/8407x1669.pdf|website=IUPAC; Pure and Applied Chemistry|publisher=IUPAC|access-date=2 December 2015}}</ref> 2012.<ref name="IUPAC-names-114-116" /><ref name="IUPAC">{{cite web|title=News: Start of the Name Approval Process for the Elements of Atomic Number 114 and 116 |url=http://www.iupac.org/news/news-detail/article/start-of-the-name-approval-process-for-the-elements-of-atomic-number-114-and-116.html |work=International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry |access-date=February 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302173200/http://www.iupac.org/news/news-detail/article/start-of-the-name-approval-process-for-the-elements-of-atomic-number-114-and-116.html |archive-date=March 2, 2012 }}</ref> The name recognises the [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]], within the city of [[Livermore, California]], US, which collaborated with JINR on the discovery. The city in turn is named after the American rancher [[Robert Livermore]], a naturalized Mexican citizen of English birth.<ref name="IUPAC-names-114-116" /> The naming ceremony for flerovium and livermorium was held in Moscow on October 24, 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newuc.jinr.ru/img_sections/file/Practice2016/EU/2016-07%20AGP_SHE.pdf |title=Synthesis of superheavy elements |last=Popeko |first=Andrey G. |date=2016 |website=jinr.ru |publisher=[[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] |access-date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204124109/http://newuc.jinr.ru/img_sections/file/Practice2016/EU/2016-07%20AGP_SHE.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2018 }}</ref>

===Other routes of synthesis===
{{See also|Isotopes of livermorium#Nucleosynthesis}}
The synthesis of livermorium in fusion reactions using projectiles heavier than <sup>48</sup>Ca has been explored in preparation for synthesis attempts of the yet-undiscovered [[unbinilium|element 120]], as such reactions would necessarily utilize heavier projectiles. In 2023, the reaction between <sup>238</sup>U and <sup>54</sup>Cr was studied at the JINR's Superheavy Element Factory in Dubna; one atom of the new isotope <sup>288</sup>Lv was reported, though more detailed analysis has not yet been published.<ref name=Lv288/> Similarly, in 2024, a team at the [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]] reported the synthesis of two atoms of <sup>290</sup>Lv in the reaction between [[Plutonium-244|<sup>244</sup>Pu]] and <sup>50</sup>Ti. This result was described as "truly groundbreaking" by [[RIKEN]] director Hiromitsu Haba, whose team plans to search for [[ununennium|element 119]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newscenter.lbl.gov/2024/07/23/a-new-way-to-make-element-116-opens-the-door-to-heavier-atoms/ |title=A New Way to Make Element 116 Opens the Door to Heavier Atoms |last=Biron |first=Lauren |date=23 July 2024 |website=lbl.gov |publisher=Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory |access-date=24 July 2024 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bourzac |first1=Katherine |date=23 July 2024 |title=Heaviest element yet within reach after major breakthrough |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-02416-3 |journal=Nature |volume= 632|issue= 8023|pages= 16–17|doi=10.1038/d41586-024-02416-3 |pmid=39043946 |bibcode=2024Natur.632...16B |access-date=24 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite arXiv |last1=Gates |first1=J. M. |title=Towards the Discovery of New Elements: Production of Livermorium (Z=116) with <sup>50</sup>Ti|date=2024-07-22 |eprint=2407.16079 |last2=Orford |first2=R. |last3=Rudolph |first3=D. |last4=Appleton |first4=C. |last5=Barrios |first5=B. M. |last6=Benitez |first6=J. Y. |last7=Bordeau |first7=M. |last8=Botha |first8=W. |last9=Campbell |first9=C. M.|class=nucl-ex }}</ref> The team at JINR studied the reaction between <sup>242</sup>Pu and <sup>50</sup>Ti in 2024 as a follow-up to the <sup>238</sup>U+<sup>54</sup>Cr, obtaining additional decay data for <sup>288</sup>Lv and its decay products and discovering the new isotope <sup>289</sup>Lv.<ref name=jinr2024/>