Editing List of castles in England (section)

==Scope and exclusions==
No list of castles in England is ever likely to be complete, because there will never be complete agreement in every case as to whether the remains of a building are those of a castle, whether a given place is the site of a castle, or whether a surviving building should be considered to be a castle.<ref>Renn (1984) pp.277–278. See King (1988), p.173 for how some people criticised the inclusion of Henry&nbsp;VIII's artillery forts in King's index of castles, ''Castellarium Anglicanum''.</ref>

Perhaps because the castle has become the most familiar type of fortification, many sites of fortifications earlier than the 10th century have become known as castles. Most of these are Iron Age hill forts.  Amongst the best known are [[Abbotsbury Castle]], [[Barbury Castle]], [[Bratton Castle]], [[Cadbury Castle, Somerset|Cadbury Castle]], [[Castle Dore]], [[Chûn Castle]], [[Liddington Castle]], [[Maen Castle]], [[Maiden Castle, Dorset|Maiden Castle]] and [[Uffington Castle]],<ref name="PSC">{{cite web|url=http://www.pastscape.org.uk|title=PastScape - information on England's archaeology and architecture|website=pastscape.org.uk|access-date=30 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426112022/http://www.pastscape.org.uk/|archive-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> whilst many more appear in the [[List of hillforts in England]]. Others, such as [[Melandra Castle]], [[Reculver Castle]], [[Richborough Castle]] and [[Alston, Cumbria#History|Whitley Castle]], are Roman forts, whilst [[Daw's Castle]] is a Saxon burh.<ref name="PSC"/> None of these is included in the present list unless it is also the site of a medieval castle, as is the case with, for instance, [[Portchester Castle]], where an imposing castle was built within the surviving walls of the Roman fort.<ref name="Porch">[http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=238704 "Portchester Castle"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626164547/http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=238704 |date=2015-06-26 }} PSC.</ref>

[[File:Portchester Castle - geograph.org.uk - 1413970.jpg|thumb|[[Portchester Castle]], Hampshire: Roman walls and medieval keep]]

Nor are all medieval fortified sites included in the present list. The remains of town and city walls are excluded—most of these appear in the [[List of town walls in England and Wales]]. Also excluded are churches with defensive towers, such as [[Ancroft]], [[Burgh by Sands]], [[Edlingham]], [[Garway]], [[Great Salkeld]] and [[Newton Arlosh]], as well as other fortified ecclesiastical sites such as [[Alnwick Abbey]], [[Battle Abbey]], [[Thornton Abbey]], [[Wetheral Priory]], [[Whalley Abbey]] and [[St Mary's Abbey, York]]. Some of the pele towers of Northern England are included, but the more modest fortified buildings known as [[Bastle house|bastles]] are not, though the distinction between them is not always altogether clear. Amongst fortified manor houses, those given the title of castle are included, whilst many others were more lightly fortified and are excluded. Amongst these are [[Baddesley Clinton]], [[Cowdray House]], [[Farnhill|Farnhill Hall]], [[Hipswell|Hipswell Hall]], [[Ightham Mote]], [[Little Wenham|Little Wenham Hall]], [[Markenfield Hall]] and [[Stainton, Richmondshire|Walburn Hall]].<ref name="Gatehouse">{{cite web|url=http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/home.html|title=Gatehouse; a Comprehensive Listing of the Medieval Fortifications of England and Wales|website=gatehouse-gazetteer.info|access-date=30 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016045829/http://gatehouse-gazetteer.info/home.html|archive-date=16 October 2017}}</ref>

The list includes pele towers that became known as castles, or preserve a castle-like aspect. Many others, or their remains, survive much altered—incorporated in later country houses or farmhouses, and are excluded. Amongst these are: [[Aske Hall]], [[Biddlestone RC Chapel]], [[Bolling Hall, Bradford|Bolling Hall]], [[Bolton-on-Swale#Buildings|Bolton Old Hall]], [[Boltongate|Boltongate Rectory]], [[Causey Park House]], [[Clennell Hall]], [[Cliburn Hall]], [[Corbridge#History|Corbridge Low Hall]], [[Cartmel Fell|Cowmire Hall]], [[Beadnell|Craster Arms (Beadnell)]], [[Croglin|Croglin Old Pele]], [[Nether Denton|Denton Hall]], [[Dovenby Hall]], [[Craster|Dunstan Hall]], [[Capheaton#Landmarks|East Shaftoe Hall]], [[Bowston|Godmond Hall]], [[Great Salkeld|Great Salkeld Rectory]], [[Ellonby|Hardrigg Hall]], [[Hepscott#Landmarks|Hepscott Hall]], [[Horton, Chatton|Hetton Hall]], [[Crook, Cumbria|Hollin Hall]], [[Penrith, Cumbria|Hutton Hall (Penrith)]], [[Holmrook|Irton Hall]], [[Johnby|Johnby Hall]], [[Killington, Cumbria|Killington Hall]], [[Kirkoswald, Cumbria|Kirkoswald College]], [[Levens Hall]], [[Little Harle Tower]], [[Witherslack#Landmarks|Nether Hall]], [[Netherby Hall]], [[Great Ormside|Ormside Hall]], [[Beamish, County Durham|Pockerley Pele]], [[Preston Patrick|Preston Patrick Hall]], [[Alston Moor|Randalholme Hall]], [[Rock Hall, Northumberland|Rock Hall]], [[Horsley, Northumberland#Landmarks|Rudchester Hall]], [[Beckermet#Landmarks|Sella Park]], [[Selside|Selside Hall]], [[Skelsmergh|Skelsmergh Hall]], [[Smardale|Smardale Hall]], [[Castle Sowerby|Thistlewood Farmhouse]], [[Sebergham|Warnell Hall]], [[Horton, Chatton|Weetwood Hall]] and [[Witton-le-Wear#Landmarks|Witton Tower]].<ref name="Gatehouse"/>

In the post-medieval period, the distinction between true castles and later [[Castle#Later use and revival castles|mock castles]] is blurred by the extent to which medieval castles were adapted and rebuilt. At [[Greystoke Castle|Greystoke]] a new castle was built incorporating a medieval pele tower;<ref>[http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=11310 "Greystoke Castle "] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008011319/http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=11310 |date=2012-10-08 }} PSC.</ref> at [[Tunstall, Lancashire|Thurland]] a new castle was built from the ruins of the old;<ref name="Thurland-P">[http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=44049 "Thurland Castle"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005190059/http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=44049 |date=2012-10-05 }} PSC.</ref> at [[Belvoir Castle|Belvoir]] the old castle was demolished and a new one built.<ref name="Belvoir-P"/> The building of mock castles might be seen as the logical conclusion of a process already apparent in castles such as [[Herstmonceux Castle|Herstmonceux]] or [[Tattershall Castle|Tattershall]], where the castle-like aspect of the building was becoming more for show than for strength.<ref name="Herst-Brown"/>
[[File:Wentworth Castle, Stainborough - geograph.org.uk - 1501819.jpg|left|thumb|[[Wentworth Castle]]: not a castle but a country house]]

Amongst post-medieval buildings in England that are known as castles, a few, such as [[Peckforton Castle]], closely resemble medieval castles. Many others, such as [[Clearwell Castle]], have some castle-like features, and some, like [[Mereworth Castle]], bear no resemblance whatsoever to a castle. The list excludes buildings that neither look like castles, nor incorporate the remains of castles. Amongst these are [[Bolebroke Castle]], [[Bovey Castle]], [[Bruce Castle]], [[Castle Ashby]], [[Castle Howard]], [[Clifton-on-Yore|Clifton Castle]], [[Highclere Castle]], [[Mereworth Castle]], [[New Wardour Castle]], [[Sherborne Castle]], [[Wentworth Castle]], and [[Wisbech Castle]].<ref name="BLB">{{cite web|url=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk|title=British Listed Buildings|website=britishlistedbuildings.co.uk|access-date=30 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304005022/https://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/|archive-date=4 March 2018}}</ref> Many other buildings with some castle-like features are also excluded. Amongst these are [[Acton Castle]], [[Allerton Castle]], [[Augill Castle]], [[St Ives, Dorset|Avon Castle]], [[Kemerton|Bell's Castle]], [[Bolesworth Castle]], [[Bude#History and description|Bude Castle]], [[Castle Eden|Castle Eden Castle]], [[Castle Goring]], [[South Cave|Cave Castle]], [[Cholmondeley Castle]], [[Clearwell Castle]], [[Cliffe Castle Museum|Cliffe Castle]], [[Coates, West Sussex#Coates Castle|Coates Castle]], [[West Monkton#Landmarks|Creech Castle]], [[Perranporth|Droskyn Castle]], [[Edmond Castle]], [[Enmore Castle]], [[Ewell Castle School#History|Ewell Castle]], [[Farleigh House|Farleigh Castle]], [[Farley Castle]], [[Fillingham|Fillingham Castle]], [[Hatherop|Hatherop Castle]], [[Headingley Castle]], [[Highcliffe|Highcliffe Castle]], [[Elstree|Hilfield Castle]], [[Abbotsham#History|Kenwith Castle]], [[Kirby Knowle|Kirby Knowle Castle]], [[West Grinstead#History|Knepp Castle]], [[Luscombe Castle]], [[Midford Castle]], [[Mulgrave Castle]], [[Otterburn, Northumberland|Otterburn Tower]], [[Pentillie|Pentillie Castle]], [[Zeal Monachorum|Reeve Castle]], [[Ryde#Buildings|Ryde Castle]], [[St. Clare Castle]], [[Sibdon Carwood|Sibdon Castle]], [[Whitby#Landmarks|Sneaton Castle]], [[Stanhope, County Durham|Stanhope Castle]], [[Studley Castle]], [[Swinton Park|Swinton Castle]], [[Hawkstone Park#History|The Citadel (Weston-under-Redcastle)]], [[Tregenna Castle]], [[John Vanbrugh#Marriage and death|Vanbrugh Castle]], [[Wadhurst#Buildings and people|Wadhurst Castle]], [[Wattisham#Landmarks|Wattisham Castle]], [[Whitehaven Castle]], [[Whitstable|Whitstable Castle]], [[Willersley Castle]], and [[Willsbridge|Willsbridge Castle]].<ref name="BLB"/> Amongst those that have been demolished is [[Steephill|Steephill Castle]].

{{anchor|List of folly castles in England}}Artificial ruins and [[Folly|follies]], often built as memorials or landscape features, are also excluded. Amongst these are [[Appley, Isle of Wight|Appley Tower]], [[Black Castle Public House|Black Castle]], [[Bladon Castle]], [[Blaise Castle]], [[Weston-under-Penyard|Bollitree Castle]], [[Rotherham#Landmarks|Boston Castle]], [[Heathfield, East Sussex#Landmarks|Braylsham Castle]], [[Broadway Tower, Worcestershire|Broadway Tower]], [[Stainland#Community|Carr Hall Castle]], [[Castlebourne folly|Castlebourne]], [[Clent Castle]], [[Clopton House|Clopton Tower]], [[Dinton Castle]], [[Port Quin|Doyden Castle]], [[Croome, Worcestershire|Dunstall Castle]], [[Durlston Castle]], [[Greystoke, Cumbria|Fort Putnam]], [[Hadlow Castle]], [[Castle in Hagley Park]] [[Haldon#Haldon Belvedere|Lawrence Castle]], [[West Ashton|Long's Park Castle]], [[Mow Cop Castle]], [[Grewelthorpe#Hackfall|Mowbray Castle]], [[Croome, Worcestershire|Pirton Castle]], [[Hooe, Plymouth|Radford Castle]], [[Radway|Radway Tower]], [[Badminton House|Ragged Castle (Badminton)]], [[Rivington#Landmarks|Rivington Castle]], [[Rodborough|Rodborough Fort]], [[Cleethorpes#Landmarks|Ross Castle]], [[Rothley Castle]], [[Roundhay Park#Castle|Roundhay Castle]], [[Sebergham|Sebergham Castle]], [[Severndroog Castle]], [[Shaldon|Shaldon Castle]], [[Bathwick Hill, Bath|Sham Castle (Bath)]], [[Sledmere|Sledmere Castle]], [[Speedwell Castle]], [[Wentworth Castle|Stainborough Castle]], [[Seaton Sluice|Starlight Castle]], [[Stowe House#The park|Stowe Castle]], [[Watchfield#Landmarks|Strattenborough Castle]], [[Sundorne|Sundorne Castle]], [[Clevedon#Landmarks|Toll House (Clevedon)]] and [[Wyke Castle]].<ref name="BLB"/> Finally, the 16th-century [[Henrician Castles]], whose design was closely inspired by medieval castles, are included, but later military fortifications—with just a few exceptions—are not.

[[File:Centre of Britain Hotel - geograph.org.uk - 12977.jpg|thumb|Red Lion Tower, Haltwhistle]]

However carefully the criteria for including a building or site on this list are set out, borderline cases are inevitable. Many buildings known to incorporate northern pele towers in their fabric, but are no longer castle-like—such as the Red Lion Tower in [[Haltwhistle]]—have been excluded. On the other hand, [[Corby Castle]], in which a pele tower survives wholly encased in a later building,<ref name="Corby">[http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=11521 "Corby Castle "] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807152626/http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=11521 |date=2011-08-07 }} PSC.</ref> is included because it is known as a castle, and by implication continued to fulfil the role of one, at least in part.  [[Kimbolton Castle]] is included as the site of a medieval castle, and because the present mansion has a castellated aspect in deference to the medieval castle it replaced.