Editing List of French monarchs (section)

== Frankish kings (843–987) ==
{{about||earlier rulers|List of Frankish kings}}
=== Carolingian dynasty (843–887) ===
{{Main|Carolingian dynasty}}
The Carolingians were a [[Franks|Frankish]] noble family with origins in the [[Pippinids|Arnulfing and Pippinid]] clans of the 7th century AD. The family consolidated its power in the 8th century, eventually making the offices of [[mayor of the palace]] and ''[[dux et princeps Francorum]]'' hereditary and becoming the real powers behind the [[Merovingian dynasty|Merovingian kings]]. The dynasty is named after one of these mayors of the palace, [[Charles Martel]], whose son [[Pepin the Short]] dethroned the Merovingians in 751 and, with the consent of the [[Papacy]] and the aristocracy, was crowned [[King of the Franks]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Babcock|first=Philip|title=Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged|location=MA, US|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=1993|pages=341}}</ref> Under [[Charles the Great]] (r. 768–814), better known as "[[Charlemagne]]", the Frankish kingdom expanded deep into [[Central Europe]], conquering [[Italy]] and most of modern [[Germany]]. He was also crowned "[[Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor of the Romans]]" by the Pope, a title that was eventually carried on by the German rulers of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].

Charlemagne was succeeded by his son [[Louis the Pious]] (r. 814–840), who eventually divided the kingdom between his sons. His death, however, was followed by a three-year-long civil war that ended with the [[Treaty of Verdun]], which divided [[Francia]] into three kingdoms, one of which ([[Middle Francia]]) was short-lived. Modern France developed from [[West Francia]], while [[East Francia]] became the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and later [[Germany]]. By this time, the eastern and western parts of the land had already developed different languages and cultures.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Susan |url=https://archive.org/details/kingdomscommunit0000reyn/page/256/mode/2up |title=Kingdoms and communities in Western Europe, 900–1300 |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-19-821955-2 |location=Oxford |pages=256–257}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Scales |first=Len |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qICADV-G-EC&pg=PA159 |title=The Shaping of German Identity: Authority and Crisis, 1245-1414 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |isbn=9780521573337 |pages=155–182 |access-date=1 April 2022 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401152856/https://books.google.com/books?id=-qICADV-G-EC&pg=PA159 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| width=98% class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! width="5%" |Portrait
! width="15%" |Name
! width="24%" |Reign
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! width="24%" |Life details
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|[[File:Bibliothèque nationale de France - Bible de Vivien Ms. Latin 1 folio 423r détail Le comte Vivien offre le manuscrit de la Bible faite à l'abbaye de Saint-Martin de Tours à Charles le Chauve.jpg|110px]]
|[[Charles the Bald|'''Charles II''' "the Bald"]]<ref name=":0" group="lower-alpha">[[Louis the Pious]] and [[Charlemagne]] are both enumerated as "'''Louis I'''" and "'''Charles I'''" in the lists of French ''and'' German monarchs.</ref>
|{{circa}} 10 August 843{{Efn-lr|Charles II was crowned emperor on 25 December 875. For later Frankish and German emperors, see [[Holy Roman Emperor]].}} – 6 October 877<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|843|8|10|877|10|10}})</small>
|Son of [[Louis the Pious]] and grandson of [[Charlemagne]]; recognized as king after the [[Treaty of Verdun]]
|13 June 823{{efn|Older scholars give his birth as 15 May,{{Sfnm|1a1=McCarty|1p=328|2a1=Peignot|2p=lv|3a1=de Wailly|3p=10}} the [[ides (calendar)|ides]] of May. However, ancient sources record his birth as 13 June, the ides of June.<ref>[https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_5/#page/39/mode/1up ''Annales S. Benigni Divionensis'' 824.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025701/https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_5/#page/39/mode/1up |date=26 March 2023 }} [[Monumenta Germaniae Historica|MGH]] '''V''', 39.</ref>}} – 6 October 877<br /><small>(aged 54)</small><hr />[[King of Aquitaine]] since 838. Crowned "[[Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor of the Romans]]" on Christmas 875. Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=lv|2a1=de Wailly|2p=10|3a1=Thoison|3p=189|4a1=McCarty|4p=328|5a1=''EB''|5loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-II-Holy-Roman-emperor Charles II]}}
|-
|[[File:Denier sous Louis II dit le Bègue.jpg|110px]]
|[[Louis the Stammerer|'''Louis II''' "the Stammerer"]]{{Efn|Not to be confused with [[Louis II the German]], son of [[Louis the Pious]] and king of [[East Francia]] (Germany). Both French and German monarchs saw themselves as the successors of [[Charlemagne]], which is why many rulers share the same regnal name.}}
|6 October 877{{Efn-lr|Louis II was crowned on 8 December 877.{{sfn|Jackson|1995|loc=Vol 1, pp. 110–123}}}} – 10 April 879<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|877|10|6|879|4|10}})</small>
|Son of Charles the Bald
|1 November 846 – 10 April 879<br /><small>(aged 32)</small><hr />[[King of Aquitaine]] since 867. Died of natural causes.{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=lv|2a1=de Wailly|2p=10|3a1=Thoison|3p=189|4a1=McCarty|4p=328|5a1=''EB''|5loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-II-king-of-France Louis II]}}
|-
|[[File:Denier sous Louis III.jpg|110px]]
|[[Louis III of France|'''Louis III''']]
|10 April 879{{Efn-lr|Louis III and Carloman II were crowned on September 879.{{sfn|McKitterick|1995|p=137}} }} – 5 August 882<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|879|4|10|882|8|5}})</small>
|Son of Louis the Stammerer
|863 – 5 August 882{{efn|Scholars give his death as either 3,{{Sfnm|1a1=Thoison|1p=189|2a1=de Wailly|2p=10}} 4,{{sfn|Peignot|p=lviii}} or 10 August,{{sfn|McCarty|p=327}} but ancient sources clearly indicates 5 August.<ref>[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/annalesvedastini.html ''Annales Vedastini'' 882] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225034146/http://thelatinlibrary.com/annalesvedastini.html |date=25 December 2010 }}. "[[Nones (calendar)|Nonis Augusti]]"</ref>}}<br /><small>(aged 19)</small><hr />Ruled the North; died after hitting his head with a [[lintel]] while riding his horse.{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=lviii|2a1=Thoison|2p=189|3a1=McCarty|3p=328|4a1=Dutton|4y=1994|4p=227|5a1=''EB''|5loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-III-king-of-France Louis III]}}
|-
|[[File:Denier sous Carloman II.jpg|110px]]
|'''[[Carloman II]]'''
|10 April 879{{Efn-lr|Louis III and Carloman II were crowned on September 879.{{sfn|McKitterick|1995|p=137}}}} – 6 December 884<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|879|4|10|884|12|6}})</small>
|Son of Louis the Stammerer
|866 – 6 December 884{{efn|Some modern sources give his death as "12 December", but this is a mistake.<ref>''[[Annales Vedastini]].'' [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/annalesvedastini.html 884.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225034146/http://thelatinlibrary.com/annalesvedastini.html |date=25 December 2010 }} "...he survived seven more days, and died in the same place... in December, about 18 years of age."</ref><ref>''[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k59033/f466.item Obituaires de la province de Sens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006014533/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k59033/f466.item |date=6 October 2022 }}'' I, p. 351. "[[Ides (calendar)|VIII id.]] [6 December]."</ref><ref>[https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_5/#page/40/mode/1up ''Annales S. Benigni Divionensis'' 884.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025701/https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_5/#page/40/mode/1up |date=26 March 2023 }} "[[Nones (calendar)|Non. Decemb.]] [5 December]".</ref>}}<br /><small>(aged 18)</small><hr />Ruled the South; died after being accidentally stabbed by his servant.{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=lviii|2a1=Thoison|2p=189|3a1=Dutton|3y=1994|3p=227|4a1=''EB''|4loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carloman-king-of-France-died-884 Carloman]}}
|-
|[[File:Sceau de Charles le gros.jpg|110px]]
|[[Charles the Fat|'''Charles''' ('''III''') "the Fat"]]{{efn|[[Charles the Fat]] was initially king of [[East Francia]] ([[Germany]]) and [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. Given that he was the third emperor with that name, he is also known as [[Charles III, Holy Roman Emperor|'''Charles III''']]. He must not to be confused with [[Charles the Simple]], who is also enumerated as '''[[Charles III of France|Charles III]]'''. This discrepancy originates from the regnal number adopted by [[Charles V of France|Charles V]], the first French king to assume one.{{sfn|Brunel|2007|p=79}}}}
|12 December 884{{Efn-lr|Charles the Fat was most likely crowned on 20 May 885.{{sfn|MacLean|2003|p=126}} He was already [[king of East Francia]] since 28 August 876. He was also crowned emperor on 12 February 881.<ref name=dbk>{{Citation | last= Schieffer | first= Theodor | title= Karl III | work= [[Neue Deutsche Biographie]] | volume= 11 | date= 1977 | pages= 181–184 | url= https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118630938.html#ndbcontent | language= de | access-date= 21 July 2023 | archive-date= 21 July 2023 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230721145227/https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118630938.html#ndbcontent | url-status= live }}</ref>}} – 11 November 887{{efn|This is the most accepted and cited date, although it is not entirely confirmed.{{sfn|MacLean|2003|p=194}}<ref name=dbk/>}}<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|884|12|6|887|11|11}})</small>
|Son of [[Louis II the German]], king of [[East Francia]], and grandson of [[Louis the Pious|Louis I]]
|839{{efn|In older sources his birth was dated to 832, but nowadays 839 is the accepted date.{{sfn|MacLean|2003|p=84}}}} – 13 January 888 <small><br/>(aged 48–49)</small><hr />[[King of East Francia]] since 876; crowned [[Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor]] in 881. Last ruler to control all Frankish territories. Deposed by the nobility, later dying of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=lv|2a1=de Wailly|2p=10|3a1=McCarty|3p=329|4a1=''EB''|4loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-III-Holy-Roman-emperor Charles III]}}
|}

=== Robertian dynasty (888–898) ===
{{Main|Robertians}}
{| width=98% class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! width="5%" |Portrait
! width="15%" |Name
! width="24%" |Reign
! width="22%" |Succession
! width="24%" |Life details
|-
| [[File:Denier de Blois sous Eudes de France.jpg|110px]]
| [[Odo of France|'''Odo''']]<br/><small>''Eudes'' or ''Odon''</small>
| 29 February 888{{Efn-lr|Odo was crowned on 29 February 888 and then again on 13 November.{{sfn|Jackson|1995|loc=Vol 1, pp. 133–138}}}} – 3 January 898<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|888|2|29|898|1|13}})</small>
| Son of [[Robert the Strong]]; elected king by the French nobles following the deposition of Charles. Initially rivaled by [[Guy III of Spoleto]] and [[Ranulf II of Aquitaine]]
| {{Circa}} 858 – 3 January 898{{efn|Odo's death is universally given as 1 January, as given by a late 13th century chronicle,<ref>[https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_15_2/#page/1292/mode/1up ''Annales S. Benigni Divionensis'' 899.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329212909/https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_15_2/#page/1292/mode/1up |date=29 March 2022 }} [[Monumenta Germaniae Historica|MGH]] '''V''', 40.</ref> but the earliest source on the matter, from the early 11th century, records his death as 3 January.<ref>[https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_15_2/#page/1292/mode/1up ''Annales Prumienses'' 898.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329212909/https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_15_2/#page/1292/mode/1up |date=29 March 2022 }} [[Monumenta Germaniae Historica|MGH]] '''XV'''(2), 1292.</ref> Another source, from the 13th century, records his death as 2 January.<ref>''[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k59033/f466.item Obituaires de la province de Sens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006014533/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k59033/f466.item |date=6 October 2022 }}'' I, p. 343.</ref>}}<br /><small>(aged approx. 40)</small><hr />Defended Paris from the [[Vikings]]; died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=lix|2a1=de Wailly|2p=10|3a1=McCarty|3p=329|4a1=''EB''|4loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eudes-king-of-Franks Eudes]}}
|}

=== Carolingian dynasty (898–922) ===
{| class="wikitable" width="98%" style="text-align:center;"
! width="5%" |Portrait
! width="15%" |Name
! width="24%" |Reign
! width="22%" |Succession
! width="24%" |Life details
|-
|[[File:Denier sous Charles III le Simple.jpg|110px]]
|[[Charles the Simple|'''Charles III''' "the Simple"]]
|3 January 898{{Efn-lr|Charles III was crowned on 28 January 893, in opposition to Odo.{{efn|See main entry for references.|name=nr}}}} – 29 June 922<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|898|1|3|922|6|29}})</small>
|Posthumous son of [[Louis II the Stammerer]]; proclaimed king in opposition to [[Odo of France|Odo]] in January 893
|17 September 879 – 7 October 929<br /><small>(aged 50)</small><hr />Deposed by Robert's followers; later captured by [[Herbert II, Count of Vermandois]]. Died in captivity{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1pp=lix–lx|2a1=de Wailly|2p=10|3a1=Thoison|3p=189|4a1=McCarty|4p=329|5a1=''EB''|5loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-III-king-of-France Charles III]}}
|}

=== Robertian dynasty (922–923) ===
{| width=98% class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! width="5%" |Portrait
! width="15%" |Name
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! width="22%" |Succession
! width="24%" |Life details
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| [[File:Robert Ier roi des Francs.jpg|90px]]
Non-contemporary
| '''[[Robert I of France|Robert I]]'''
| 29 June 922{{Efn-lr|Robert I was crowned on 30 June 922.{{sfn|Champion|1976|pp=9–11}}}}– 15 June 923<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|922|6|29|923|6|15}})</small>
| Son of [[Robert the Strong]] and younger brother of Odo
| 865 – 15 June 923<br /><small>(aged 58)</small><hr />Killed at the [[Battle of Soissons (923)|Battle of Soissons]] against [[Charles the Simple|Charles III]]. Sole king to die in battle{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=lx|2a1=de Wailly|2p=10|3a1=Thoison|3p=189|4a1=McCarty|4p=329|5a1=''EB''|5loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eudes-king-of-Franks Eudes]}}
|}

=== Bosonid dynasty (923–936) ===
{{Main|Bosonids}}
{| class="wikitable" width="98%" style="text-align:center;"
! width="5%" |Portrait
! width="15%" |Name
! width="24%" |Reign
! width="22%" |Succession
! width="24%" |Life details
|-
| [[File:Denier sous Raoul de France.jpg|110px]]
| [[Rudolph of France|'''Rudolph''']]<br/><small>''Rodolphe'' or ''Raoul''</small>
| 15 June 923{{Efn-lr|Rudolph was crowned on 13 July 923.{{efn||name=nr}}}}– 14 January 936<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|923|6|15|936|1|14}})</small>
| Son of [[Richard, Duke of Burgundy]] and son-in-law of Robert I
| [[Duke of Burgundy]] since 921. Died of illness after a reign of constant civil war and [[viking raids]]. Lost [[Lotharingia]] ([[Lorraine]]) to [[Henry I of Germany]]{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=lxi|2a1=de Wailly|2p=10|3a1=Thoison|3p=189|4a1=McCarty|4p=329|5a1=''EB''|5loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rudolf-king-of-France Rudolf]}}
|}

=== Carolingian dynasty (936–987) ===
{| width=98% class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! width="5%" |Portrait
! width="15%" |Name
! width="24%" |Reign
! width="22%" |Succession
! width="24%" |Life details
|-
|[[File:Denier Chinon 954, obverse.jpg|110px]]
|[[Louis IV of France|'''Louis IV''' "from Overseas"]]
|19 June 936{{Efn-lr|Louis IV was crowned on 19 June 936, following a brief interregnum after the death of Rudolph.}} – 10 September 954<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|936|6|19|954|9|10}})</small>
|Son of [[Charles the Simple]], recalled to France after being exiled to [[Kingdom of England|England]]
|921 – 10 September 954<br /><small>(aged 33)</small><hr />Died after [[List of horse accidents|falling off his horse]]{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=lxi|2a1=de Wailly|2p=10|3a1=McCarty|3p=329|4a1=''EB''|4loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-IV-king-of-France Louis IV]}}
|-
|[[File:Tête de la statue du roi Lothaire fab en 1140 (cropped).JPG|110px]]
|[[Lothair of France|'''Lothair''']]<br/>''Lothaire''
|10 September 954{{Efn-lr|Lothair was crowned on 12 November 954.}} – 2 March 986<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|954|9|10|986|3|2}})</small>
|Son of Louis IV
|941 – 2 March 986<br /><small>(aged 44)</small><hr />Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=lxii|2a1=de Wailly|2p=10|3a1=Thoison|3p=190|4a1=McCarty|4p=329|5a1=''EB''|5loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lothar-king-of-France Lothar]}}
|-
|[[File:Louis V of France.jpg|110px]]
Non-contemporary 
|[[Louis V of France|'''Louis V''' "the Do-Nothing"]]
|2 March 986{{Efn-lr|Louis V was crowned on 8 June 979.}} – 22 May 987<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|986|3|2|987|5|22}})</small>
|Son of Lothair
|967 – 22 May 987{{efn|Some scholars give his death as 21 May, but contemporary sources give 22 May.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Richer|author-link=Richerus|orig-date=c. 995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObROYtrTZK0C&pg=PA147|title=Histoire de son temps|date=1845|publisher=J. Renouard|language=fr|page=147|volume=IV|access-date=14 March 2022|archive-date=11 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211311/https://books.google.com/books?id=ObROYtrTZK0C&pg=PA147|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<br /><small>(aged 20)</small><hr />Died in a hunting accident{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1pp=lxii–lxiii|2a1=de Wailly|2p=10|3a1=McCarty|3p=329|4a1=''EB''|4loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-V Louis V]}}
|}