Editing List of Apollo astronauts (section)

== Apollo astronauts by their dates of selection by NASA ==

=== 1959 ===
[[File:Mercury Seven astronauts with aircraft.jpg|thumb|[[Mercury Seven]] astronauts (L to R): [[Scott Carpenter]], [[Gordon Cooper]], [[John Glenn]], [[Gus Grissom|Grissom]], [[Wally Schirra|Schirra]], [[Alan Shepard|Shepard]], and [[Deke Slayton|Slayton]]]]
* [[Gus Grissom|Virgil I. "Gus" Grissom]] began his career at NASA in 1959. In 1966, he was selected as Command Pilot for the first crewed [[Apollo 1|Apollo mission]], a low Earth orbit test. This mission ended a month before its scheduled launch,<ref name="MarAprChron">[[George E. Mueller]], Associate Administrator of the Office of Manned Spaceflight, issued a directive on April 24, 1967, that the mission would be officially recorded as Apollo 1, "first manned Apollo Saturn flight - failed on ground test."
{{cite web
 | last1 = Ertel | first1 = Ivan D.
 | last2 = Newkirk | first2 = Roland W.
 | last3 = Brooks | first3 = Courtney G.
 | title = Vol.11, part 1 (1967 Mar/Apr), March 25 - April 24
 | work = NASA SP-4009: The Apollo Spacecraft – A Chronology
 | publisher = [[NASA]]
 | year = 1978
 | url = http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4009/v4p1h.htm
 | access-date =March 3, 2011 }}
</ref> when a cabin fire on the launch pad killed Grissom, [[Ed White (astronaut)|Ed White]] and [[Roger B. Chaffee|Roger Chaffee]] on January 27, 1967.<ref>Zornio, Mary C. [https://history.nasa.gov/Apollo204/zorn/grissom.htm ''Detailed Biographies of Apollo I Crew'' - "Gus Grissom"], NASA, accessed July 19, 2006.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= Deke!: U.S. Manned Space from Mercury to the Shuttle|last= Slayton|first= Donald K|author2= Cassutt, Michael|year= 1994|edition= 1st|publisher= Forge: St. Martin's Press|location= [[New York City]]|isbn= 0-312-85503-6|oclc= 29845663|lccn= 94-2463|page= [https://archive.org/details/dekeusmannedspac00slay/page/234 234]|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/dekeusmannedspac00slay/page/234}}</ref>
* [[Wally Schirra|Walter M. Schirra Jr.]] also began his NASA career in 1959.  He was selected in October 1968 as Command Pilot for [[Apollo 7]], an 11-day, [[low Earth orbit]] shakedown test of the three-man [[Apollo Command/Service Module]] and the first crewed launch for the [[Apollo program|Apollo project]].
* [[Alan Shepard|Alan B. Shepard Jr.]] – America's first man in space on ''[[Mercury-Redstone 3|Freedom 7]]'' was originally selected to command Gemini 3, but was medically grounded for the duration of Gemini due to [[Ménière's disease]] and assisted Slayton in Flight Operations. After corrective surgery, Shepard was restored to flight status and commanded [[Apollo 14]], the third successful Moon landing mission.

===1962===
{{Further|NASA Astronaut Group 2}}
[[File:Astronaut Group 2 - S62-6759.jpg|thumb|NASA Astronaut Group 2: Back row: [[Elliot See|Elliot M. See]] (died in Gemini training), [[James McDivitt|McDivitt]], [[Jim Lovell|Lovell]], [[Ed White (astronaut)|White]], [[Thomas P. Stafford|Stafford]]. Front row: [[Pete Conrad|Conrad]], [[Frank Borman|Borman]], [[Neil Armstrong|Armstrong]], [[John Young (astronaut)|Young]]]]
All of these astronauts flew on Gemini, and except for White, each commanded one Gemini and one Apollo mission:

* [[Ed White (astronaut)|Edward H. White II]] – Second-seat veteran of [[Gemini 4]] who made the United States' first [[extravehicular activity|walk in space]], selected as Senior Pilot (second seat) on Apollo 1. White was killed in the Apollo 1 fire along with Grissom and Chaffee.
* [[James McDivitt|James A. McDivitt]] – Commander of Gemini 4, selected in late 1966 to command the first Earth orbital flight test of the [[Apollo Lunar Module]] with the CSM. This mission flew in March 1969 as [[Apollo 9]]. After his flight, McDivitt was promoted to Manager of Lunar Landing Operations, and in August 1969 was promoted to Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program.
* [[Frank Borman|Frank F. Borman II]] – Commander of [[Gemini 7]], selected to command a higher Earth orbit test of the complete Apollo spacecraft. But when delays prevented the LM from being ready in time for its first flight in December 1968, Borman's mission was changed to the first lunar orbital flight of the CSM on [[Apollo 8]].
* [[Jim Lovell|James A. Lovell Jr.]] – Second-seat veteran of Gemini 7, and commander of [[Gemini 12]], flew as Command Module Pilot (second seat) on Apollo 8. Lovell became the first to fly a second Apollo mission as commander of [[Apollo 13]], the third lunar landing attempt. This mission was unsuccessful, due to a Service Module electrical system failure caused by an oxygen tank explosion. Lovell and his crew managed to return to Earth safely.  Lovell is the only person to fly to the Moon twice without landing there.
* [[Thomas P. Stafford]] – Second-seat veteran of Gemini 6A and commander of [[Gemini 9A]], commanded a lunar orbital test of the Lunar Module on [[Apollo 10]]. He also commanded the [[Apollo–Soyuz Test Project]] mission.
* [[John Young (astronaut)|John W. Young]] – Second-seat veteran of [[Gemini 3]] and commander of [[Gemini 10]], flew as Command Module Pilot on [[Apollo 10]]. Young later commanded the successful [[Apollo 16]] lunar landing. He also commanded the first Space Shuttle flight, [[STS-1]] ''[[Space Shuttle Columbia|Columbia]]'', April 12–14, 1981, and [[STS-9]], also on ''[[Space Shuttle Columbia|Columbia]]'', November 28–December 8, 1983.
* [[Neil Armstrong|Neil A. Armstrong]] – Commander of [[Gemini 8]], commanded [[Apollo 11]], becoming the first human to set foot on the Moon.
* [[Pete Conrad|Charles "Pete" Conrad Jr.]] – Second-seat veteran of [[Gemini 5]] and commander of [[Gemini 11]], commanded [[Apollo 12]], the second lunar landing.  He went on to command Skylab 2, successfully completing repairs to the spacecraft that saved it for this and two subsequent missions.

===1963===
{{Further|NASA Astronaut Group 3}}
[[File:Astronaut Group Three - GPN-2000-001476.jpg|right|thumb|NASA Astronaut Group 3]]
This was the first class of astronauts for which test pilot experience was not required, but military jet fighter pilot experience was acceptable.

Five of this group got their first spaceflight experience as second seat on Gemini:
* [[David Scott|David R. Scott]] – Second-seat veteran of [[Gemini 8]], flew as Command Module Pilot on [[Apollo 9]], and commanded the [[Apollo 15]] lunar landing.
* [[Gene Cernan|Eugene A. Cernan]] – Second-seat veteran on [[Gemini 9A]], flew as Lunar Module Pilot on [[Apollo 10]], and commanded the final lunar landing mission [[Apollo 17]].
* [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]] – Second-seat veteran on [[Gemini 10]], flew as Command Module Pilot on [[Apollo 11]].
* [[Buzz Aldrin|Edwin E. "Buzz" Aldrin Jr.]] – Second-seat veteran on [[Gemini 12]], flew as Lunar Module Pilot on [[Apollo 11]], the first Moon landing.
* [[Richard F. Gordon Jr.]] – Second-seat veteran on [[Gemini 11]], flew as Command Module Pilot on [[Apollo 12]]. Gordon was selected to command the [[Canceled Apollo missions#Follow-on lunar missions|Apollo 18]] lunar landing, which was later canceled.

The remaining six members of this group were selected for their first space flights on Apollo:
* [[Roger B. Chaffee]] – Selected as Pilot (third seat) on [[Apollo 1]], was killed with Grissom and White in the fire.
* [[Donn F. Eisele]] – Flew second seat on [[Apollo 7]].
* [[Walter Cunningham|R. Walter Cunningham]] – Flew third seat on [[Apollo 7]].
* [[Rusty Schweickart|Russell L. "Rusty" Schweickart]] – Flew as Lunar Module Pilot on [[Apollo 9]]. Schweickart performed an [[extravehicular activity|EVA]] outside the spacecraft, testing the [[portable life support system]] used on the Moon.
* [[William Anders|William A. Anders]] – Flew third seat on [[Apollo 8]].
* [[Alan Bean|Alan L. Bean]] – Flew as Lunar Module Pilot on [[Apollo 12]]. He later served as commander for Skylab 3.

===1965===
{{Further|NASA Astronaut Group 4}}
[[File:PORTRAIT - SCIENTIST-ASTRONAUT GROUP.jpg|thumb|Group 4 – the scientist astronaut group; Harrison Schmitt (center) became NASA's first scientist astronaut to fly in space.]]

In June 1965, NASA named a group of five scientist astronauts, the first group qualified by doctorate degrees rather than test or military fighter pilot experience.<ref group="nb">Note: Edwin Aldrin and Eugene Cernan were selected for Group 3 without having been test pilots, though both were fighter pilots in the Air Force and Navy respectively.</ref>  Geologist [[Harrison Schmitt|Harrison H. "Jack" Schmitt]] participated heavily in the geological training of the lunar landing astronauts, as well as assisting in the analysis of returned samples and the preparation of mission reports. In 1970, he was selected as Lunar Module Pilot for the Apollo 15 backup crew, and prime crew on Apollo 18. When program cutbacks canceled missions 18 through 20, NASA's lunar geological community insisted on having a geologist on the Moon, so Slayton reassigned Schmitt to [[Apollo 17]].

===1966===
{{Further|NASA Astronaut Group 5}}
[[File:NASA Astronaut Group 5 cropped.jpg|thumb|NASA Astronaut Group 5]]
NASA named a group of 19 more astronauts in April 1966.  None had spaceflight experience before their Apollo mission.
* [[Ken Mattingly|T. Kenneth Mattingly II]] – Selected as prime Command Module Pilot for Apollo 13, Mattingly was exposed to [[German measles]] days before the flight and was grounded by the flight surgeon, though ultimately did not contract the disease. He swapped places with his backup and flew on [[Apollo 16]].  He also flew on STS-4 and STS-51-C.
* [[Jack Swigert|John L. "Jack" Swigert Jr.]] – Flew as Mattingly's backup on [[Apollo 13]].
* [[Fred Haise|Fred W. Haise Jr.]] – Flew as Lunar Module Pilot on the unsuccessful Apollo 13. Haise was selected to command the Apollo 19 lunar landing, which was canceled. Haise would later be named commander of the first crew for the Space Shuttle's [[Approach and Landing Tests]] using the prototype [[Space Shuttle Enterprise|Space Shuttle ''Enterprise'']].
* [[Stuart Roosa|Stuart A. Roosa]] – Command Module Pilot on [[Apollo 14]].
* [[Edgar Mitchell|Edgar D. Mitchell]] – Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 14.
* [[Alfred Worden|Alfred M. Worden]] – Command Module Pilot on [[Apollo 15]].
* [[James Irwin|James B. Irwin]] – Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 15.
* [[Charles Duke|Charles M. Duke Jr.]] – First achieved public recognition as [[capsule communicator]] during the Apollo 11 Moon landing; notable for the quote: "...we copy you on the ground. You've got a bunch of guys about to turn blue; we're breathing again. Thanks a lot."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.footagevault.com/project-mocr-apollo-11|title=Footagevault, Project MOCR|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615233343/http://www.footagevault.com/project-mocr-apollo-11|archive-date=2013-06-15}}</ref> Duke flew as Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 16.
* [[Ronald Evans (astronaut)|Ronald E. Evans Jr.]] – Command Module Pilot on [[Apollo 17]].