Editing Lisbon (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Lisbon}}
{{For timeline}}

===Origins===
[[File:Escavações no Claustro da Sé de Lisboa.jpg|thumb|left|Phoenician archaeological dig in a cloister of the [[Lisbon Cathedral]]]]

During the [[Neolithic]] period, the region was inhabited by Pre-Celtic tribes, who built religious and funerary monuments, [[megalith]]s, [[dolmen]]s and [[menhir]]s, which still survive in areas on the periphery of Lisbon.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rodrigo Banha da Silva |title=A ocupação da idade do bronze final da Praça da Figueira (Lisboa): novos e velhos dados sobre os antecedentes da cidade de Lisboa |journal=Cira Arqueologia |date=September 2013 |issue=2, Tejo, palco de interação entre Indígenas e Fenícios |url=http://www.cm-vfxira.pt/files/3/documentos/2013091715584601248.pdf |series=Cira Arqueologia II |publisher=Museu da Rede Portuguesa de Museus |language=pt |access-date=21 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621220603/http://www.cm-vfxira.pt/files/3/documentos/2013091715584601248.pdf |archive-date=21 June 2014}}</ref> The [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] [[Celt]]s invaded in the 1st millennium BC, mixing with the [[Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula|Pre-Indo-European]] population, thus giving rise to Celtic-speaking local tribes such as the Cempsi or [[Sefes]].

Although the first fortifications on Lisbon's [[Castelo de São Jorge|Castelo]] hill are known to be no older than the 2nd century BC, recent archaeological finds have shown that [[Iron Age]] people occupied the site from the 8th to 6th centuries BC.<ref name="Bellard2003">{{cite book |author=Carlos Gómez Bellard |title=Ecohistoria del paisaje agrario: La agricultura fenicio-púnica en el Mediterráneo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ev-DW7WEaAC&pg=PA213 |year=2003 |publisher=Universitat de València |isbn=978-84-370-5508-4 |page=213 |access-date=12 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128213419/https://books.google.com/books?id=7ev-DW7WEaAC&pg=PA213 |archive-date=28 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Arruda2002">{{cite book |author=Ana Margarida Arruda |author-link=Ana Margarida Arruda |title=Los fenicios en Portugal: fenicios y mundo indígena en el centro y sur de Portugal (siglos VIII-VI a.C.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYJnQgAACAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=Carrera Edició |isbn=978-84-88236-11-1 |pages=113–115 |access-date=12 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128191049/https://books.google.com/books?id=KYJnQgAACAAJ |archive-date=28 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Laidlar1997">{{cite book |author=John Laidlar |title=Lisbon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K80UAQAAIAAJ |year=1997 |publisher=Clio Press |isbn=978-1-85109-268-0 |page=63}}</ref> This indigenous settlement maintained commercial relations with the Phoenicians, which would account for the recent findings of Phoenician pottery and other material objects. Archaeological excavations made near the [[São Jorge Castle|Castle of São Jorge]] (''Castelo de São Jorge'') and [[Lisbon Cathedral]] indicate there may have been a Phoenician presence at this location since 1000 BC,<ref name="Whitfield2005" /> and it can be stated with confidence that a Phoenician trading post stood on a site<ref name="Pilkington2013">{{cite thesis |author1=Nathan Laughlin Pilkington |title=An Archaeological History of Carthaginian Imperialism |url=http://academiccommons.columbia.edu/item/ac:159452 |website=Academic Commons, Columbia.edu |publisher=Columbia University |access-date=19 August 2014 |page=170 |year=2013 |doi=10.7916/D80G3SCF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903211757/http://academiccommons.columbia.edu/item/ac:159452 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WrightSwift1971">{{cite book |author1=David Wright |author2=Patrick Swift |title=Lisbon: a portrait and a guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIMnAQAAMAAJ |date=1 January 1971 |publisher=Barrie and Jenkins |isbn=978-0-214-65309-4 |page=150 |access-date=12 October 2016 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207052702/https://books.google.com/books?id=QIMnAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> now the centre of the present city, on the southern slope of the Castle hill.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wachsmann |first1=Shelley |last2=Dunn |first2=Richard K. |last3=Hale |first3=John R. |last4=Hohlfelder |first4=Robert L. |last5=Conyers |first5=Lawrence B. |last6=Ernenwein |first6=Eileen G. |last7=Sheets |first7=Payson |last8=Blot |first8=Maria Luisa Pienheiro |last9=Castro |first9=Filipe|last10=Davis|first10=Dan |title=The Palaeo-Environmental Contexts of Three Possible Phoenician Anchorages in Portugal |journal=International Journal of Nautical Archaeology |date=September 2009 |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=221–253 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-9270.2009.00224.x |url=http://anthropologyworldnews.tamu.edu/faculty/castro/publications/Wachsmann%20et%20al.%202009%20-%20Portugal.pdf |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd. |bibcode=2009IJNAr..38..221W |s2cid=130964094 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013091642/http://anthropologyworldnews.tamu.edu/faculty/castro/publications/Wachsmann%20et%20al.%202009%20-%20Portugal.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2016}}</ref> The sheltered harbour in the [[Tagus River]] [[estuary]] was an ideal spot for an [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] settlement and would have provided a secure harbour for unloading and provisioning trading ships.<ref name="PereiraMata2012">{{cite book |author1=Pedro Telhado Pereira |author2=Maria Eugénia Mata |title=Urban Dominance and Labour Market Differentiation of a European Capital City: Lisbon 1890–1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBz_CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123 |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-011-5382-9 |pages=123–124 |access-date=12 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128210637/https://books.google.com/books?id=BBz_CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123 |archive-date=28 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Tagus settlement was an important centre of commercial trade with the inland tribes, providing an outlet for the valuable metals, salt and salted-fish they collected, and for the sale of the [[Lusitano|Lusitanian horses]] renowned in antiquity.

According to a persistent legend, the location was named for the Greek mythical king of Ithaca, [[Odysseus|Ulysses]], who founded the city when he sailed westward to the ends of the known world.<ref name="Jack2019"/>

===Roman era===
{{Main|Olisipo}}
[[File:CercaMouraTorreAlfama (cropped).JPG|thumb|left|Part of the ''Cerca Velha'' (Old Wall), originally built by the Romans<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.publico.pt/2001/10/11/jornal/cerca-moura-de-lisboa-afinal-e-romana-162871 |title=Cerca Moura de Lisboa afinal é romana |date=11 October 2001 |publisher=publico.pt |work=Francisco Nieves |access-date=15 April 2018 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805134705/https://www.publico.pt/2001/10/11/jornal/cerca-moura-de-lisboa-afinal-e-romana-162871 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

Following the defeat of [[Hannibal]] in 202 BC during the [[Punic wars]], the Romans determined to deprive [[Carthage]] of its most valuable possession: [[Hispania]] (the Iberian Peninsula). The defeat of Carthaginian forces by [[Scipio Africanus]] in Eastern Hispania allowed the pacification of the west, led by Consul [[Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus]]. Decimus obtained the alliance of [[Olisipo|Olissipo]] (which sent men to fight alongside the Roman Legions against the northwestern Celtic tribes) by integrating it into the empire, as the ''Municipium Cives Romanorum Felicitas Julia''. Local authorities were granted self-rule over a territory that extended {{cvt|50|km|mi|abbr=off}}; exempt from taxes, its citizens were given the privileges of Roman citizenship,<ref name="Livermore1973" /> and it was then integrated with the Roman province of [[Lusitania]] (whose capital was [[Emerita Augusta]]).

[[Lusitanians|Lusitanian]] raids and rebellions during Roman occupation required the construction of a wall around the settlement. During [[Augustus]]' reign, the Romans also built a great theatre; the Cassian Baths (underneath ''Rua da Prata''); temples to [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]], [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]], [[Cybele]], [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]] and Idea [[Phrygia]]e (an uncommon cult from [[Asia Minor]]), in addition to temples to the Emperor; a large [[necropolis]] under ''[[Praça da Figueira]]''; a large forum and other buildings such as [[insula (building)|insulae]] (multi-storied apartment buildings) in the area between Castle Hill and the historic city core. Many of these ruins were first unearthed during the mid-18th century (when the recent discovery of [[Pompeii]] made Roman archaeology fashionable among Europe's upper classes).

The city prospered as [[piracy]] was eliminated and technological advances were introduced, consequently ''Felicitas Julia'' became a center of trade with the Roman provinces of [[Roman Britain|Britannia]] (particularly [[Cornwall]]) and the [[Rhine]]. Economically strong, Olissipo was known for its [[garum]] (a fish sauce highly prized by the elites of the empire and exported in [[amphora]]e to Rome), wine, salt, and horse-breeding, while Roman culture permeated the hinterland. The city was connected by a broad road to Western Hispania's two other large cities, [[Bracara Augusta]] in the province of [[Tarraconensis]] (Portuguese [[Braga]]), and [[Emerita Augusta]], the capital of [[Lusitania]]. The city was ruled by an [[oligarchy|oligarchical]] council dominated by two families, the Julii and the Cassiae, although regional authority was administered by the Roman Governor of Emerita or directly by Emperor [[Tiberius]]. Among the majority of [[Latin]] speakers lived a large minority of Greek traders and slaves.

Olissipo, like most great cities in the Western Empire, was a center for the dissemination of Christianity. Its first attested [[Patriarch of Lisbon|Bishop]] was Potamius (c. 356), and there were several [[martyr]]s during the period of persecution of the Christians: [[Holy Martyrs of Lisbon|Verissimus, Maxima, and Julia]] are the most significant examples. By the time of the [[Fall of Rome]], Olissipo had become a notable Christian center.

{{wide image|CastleSaintGeorge.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|[[São Jorge Castle]] and the surrounding neighborhoods of [[Castelo (Lisbon)|Castelo]], Mouraria, and [[Alfama]]}}

===Middle Ages===
Following the disintegration of the Western Roman Empire, there were [[barbarian]] invasions; between 409 and 429 the city was occupied successively by [[Sarmatian]]s, [[Alans]] and [[Vandals]]. The Germanic [[Suebi]], who established a kingdom in [[Gallaecia]] (modern [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and northern Portugal), with its capital in ''[[Bracara Augusta]]'', also controlled the region of Lisbon until 585. In 585, the Suebi Kingdom was integrated into the Germanic [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] Kingdom of Toledo, which comprised all of the Iberian Peninsula: Lisbon was then called ''Ulishbona''.

[[File:Siege of Lisbon - Muslim surrender.jpg|thumb|King [[Afonso Henriques]] reconquered the city from the [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravid Empire]] at the 1147 [[siege of Lisbon]].]]

On 6 August 711, Lisbon was taken by the [[Moors|Muslim]] forces of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]]. These conquerors built many mosques and houses, rebuilt the city wall (known as the ''Cerca Moura'') and established administrative control, while permitting the diverse population  of [[Muwallad]]s, [[Arabs]], [[Berbers]], [[Mozarabs]], ''[[Saqaliba]]'', and [[Jews]] to maintain their socio-cultural lifestyles. [[Andalusi Romance|Mozarabic]] was the native language spoken by most of the Christian population although Arabic was widely known as spoken by all religious communities. Islam was the official religion practised by the Arabs, Berbers, Saqaliba and Muwallad.

The ancient Muslim influence is still visible in the [[Alfama]] district, an old quarter of Lisbon that survived the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]]: many place-names are derived from Arabic and the Alfama (the oldest existing district of Lisbon) was derived from the Arabic "''al-hamma''{{-"}}.

For a brief time, Lisbon was an independent Muslim kingdom known as the [[Taifa of Lisbon]] (1022–1094), before being conquered by the larger [[Taifa of Badajoz]].

In 1108 Lisbon was raided and occupied by [[Norway|Norwegian]] crusaders led by [[Sigurd I of Norway|Sigurd I]] on their way to the [[Holy Land]] as part of the [[Norwegian Crusade]] and occupied by crusader forces for three years.<ref>Pires, Helio. "Sigurđr's Attack on Lisbon: Where Exactly?" In ''Viking and Medieval Scandinavia'' 8 (2012) – Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, c=2012, pp. 199–205.</ref> It was taken by the Moorish [[Almoravids]] in 1111.
[[File:Siege of Lisbon 1384.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Siege of Lisbon (1384)|1384 siege of Lisbon]] in [[Froissart's Chronicles]]]]

In 1147, as part of [[Portugal in the Reconquista|Portuguese efforts during the so-called ''Reconquista'']], [[Afonso I of Portugal]] [[Siege of Lisbon|besieged and conquered Lisbon]] with the aid of crusader knights. The city, with around 154,000 residents at the time, was returned to Christian rule. The conquest of Portugal and re-establishment of [[Christianity]] is one of the most significant events in Lisbon's history, described in the chronicle ''[[Expugnatione Lyxbonensi]]'', which describes, among other incidents, how the local bishop was killed by the crusaders and the city's residents prayed to the [[Virgin Mary]] as it happened. Some of the Muslim residents converted to Roman Catholicism and most of those who did not convert fled to other parts of the Islamic world, primarily [[Muslim Spain]] and [[North Africa]]. All mosques were either destroyed or altered and converted into churches. As a result of the end of Muslim rule in the mid-12th century, spoken Arabic quickly lost its place in Lisbon, and disappeared altogether.

With its central location, Lisbon became the capital city of the new Portuguese territory in 1255.
The first Portuguese university was founded in Lisbon in 1290 by King [[Dinis I of Portugal|Denis I]]; for many years the ''[[Studium Generale]]'' (''General Study'') was transferred intermittently to [[Coimbra]], where it was installed permanently in the 16th century as the [[University of Coimbra]].

In 1384, the city was besieged by King [[Juan I of Castille]], as a part of the ongoing [[1383–1385 Crisis]]. The result of the siege was a victory for the Portuguese led by [[Nuno Álvares Pereira]].

During the last centuries of the Middle Ages, Lisbon expanded substantially and became an important trading post with both [[Northern Europe]]an and Mediterranean cities.

===Early Modern===
[[File:Lisboa 1500-1510.jpg|thumb|The oldest known panorama of Lisbon (1500–1510) from the ''Crónica de Dom Afonso Henriques'' by [[Duarte Galvão]]]]

When the Spaniards expelled the Jews from Spanish territory, many of them fled to Lisbon. Although acknowledging the central importance of the Jews to the city's prosperity, [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel I]] decreed in 1497 that all Jews must convert to Christianity, only those who refused being forced to leave, but not before the expropriation of their property.<ref name="Roitman2011">{{cite book |author=Jessica V. Roitman |title=The Same But Different?: Inter-cultural Trade and the Sephardim, 1595–1640 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OOLWe21CrTcC&pg=PA33 |date=14 February 2011 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-20276-4 |page=33}}</ref> In 1506, an anti-semitic movement among the [[Old Christians]] of Lisbon culminated in a [[Lisbon massacre|massacre]] lasting four days in which some 1,000 to 4,000 [[New Christian]] men, women and children, converted descendants of [[Sephardic Jews]], are estimated to have been killed.<ref name="Soyer2007">{{cite journal |last1=Soyer |first1=F. |title=The Massacre of the New Christians of Lisbon in 1506: A New Eyewitness Account |journal=Cadernos de Estudos Sefarditas |date=2007 |volume=7 |page=221 |url=http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/65962/1/Francois_SoyerLisbon1506.pdf |access-date=29 May 2022 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407103928/https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/65962/1/Francois_SoyerLisbon1506.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The king was at Évora when these events occurred, but angered when he received the news, he ordered an investigation which resulted in two of the instigating friars being excommunicated and burned alive.<ref name="PintoMateus2014">{{cite book |author1=Paulo Mendes Pinto |author2=Susana Bastos Mateus |title=The Massacre of the Jews: Lisbon April 19, 1506 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_LVmBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT44 |date=2 September 2014 |publisher=Alêtheia Editores |isbn=978-989-622-665-7 |page=44}}</ref>

Most of the Portuguese expeditions of the [[Age of Discovery]] set out from Lisbon during the period from the end of the 15th century to the beginning of the 17th century, including [[Vasco da Gama]]'s expedition to [[India]] in 1498. The following years of the 16th century began Lisbon's golden era: the city was the European hub of commerce between [[History of Portugal (1415–1578)|Africa]], [[Portuguese India|India]], the [[Nanban trade|Far East]] and later, [[Colonial Brazil|Brazil]], and acquired great riches by exploiting the trade in spices, slaves, sugar, textiles and other goods. This period saw the rise of the exuberant [[Manueline]] style in architecture, which left its mark in many 16th-century monuments (including Lisbon's [[Belém Tower]] and [[Jerónimos Monastery]], which were declared [[UNESCO World Heritage Sites]]). A description of Lisbon in the 16th century was written by [[Damião de Góis]] and published in 1554.<ref>{{citation |contribution=Urbis Olisiponis descriptio |orig-year=1554 |year=1996 |title=Lisbon in the Renaissance |editor=Jeffrey S. Ruth |location=New York, New York}}</ref>
[[File:Vista dos Jeronomis por Filipe Lobo (2).jpg|thumb|right|[[Manuel I of Portugal|King Manuel I]] ordered [[Jerónimos Monastery]] to be built in [[Belém (Lisbon)|Belém]], to serve [[Portuguese discoveries|Portuguese discoverers]].]]
[[File:Terreiro do Paço em 1662.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ribeira Palace]] and the [[Praça do Comércio|Terreiro do Paço]] depicted in 1662 by [[Dirk Stoop]]]]

The [[Iberian Union|succession crisis]] of 1580, initiated a sixty-year period of dual monarchy in Portugal and Spain under the [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish Habsburgs]].<ref>{{cite web |author=EncyclopædiaBritannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/304794/John-IV |title=John IV (king of Portugal) |quote=king of Portugal from 1640 as a result of the national revolution or restoration, which ended 60 years of Spanish rule. |access-date=10 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313200744/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/304794/John-IV |archive-date=13 March 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Geoffrey Parker ''The army of Flanders and the Spanish road'', London, 1972 {{ISBN|0-521-08462-8}}, p. 35</ref> This is referred to as the "Philippine Dominion" (''Domínio Filipino''), since all [[Philippine Dynasty|three Spanish kings]] during that period were called Philip (''Filipe''). In 1589, Lisbon was the target of an incursion by the [[English Armada]] led by [[Francis Drake]], while [[Elizabeth I|Queen Elizabeth]] supported a Portuguese [[pretender]] in [[Antonio, Prior of Crato]], but support for Crato was lacking and the expedition was a failure. The [[Portuguese Restoration War]], which began with a [[coup d'état]] organised by the nobility and [[bourgeois]]ie in Lisbon and executed on 1 December 1640, restored Portuguese independence. The period from 1640 to 1668 was marked by periodic skirmishes between Portugal and Spain, as well as short episodes of more serious warfare until the [[Treaty of Lisbon (1668)|Treaty of Lisbon]] was signed in 1668.

In the early 18th century, gold from Brazil allowed [[John V of Portugal|King John V]] to sponsor the building of several [[Baroque]] churches and theatres in the city. Prior to the 18th century, Lisbon had experienced several significant earthquakes – eight in the 14th century, five in the 16th century (including the [[1531 Lisbon earthquake|1531 earthquake]] that destroyed 1,500 houses and the 1597 earthquake in which three streets vanished), and three in the 17th century.

On 1 November 1755, the city was destroyed by another [[1755 Lisbon earthquake|devastating earthquake]], which killed an estimated 30,000 to 40,000 Lisbon residents<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.york.ac.uk/res/cherry/docs/Alvaro3.pdf |title=The Opportunity of a Disaster: The Economic Impact of the Lisbon 1755 Earthquake |last=Pereira |first=A.S. |date=March 2006 |publisher=Centre for Historical Economics and Related Research at York, York University |access-date=21 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605222012/http://www.york.ac.uk/res/cherry/docs/Alvaro3.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> of a population estimated at between 200,000 and 275,000,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.york.ac.uk/res/cherry/docs/Alvaro3.pdf |title=The Economic Impact of the Lisbon 1755 Earthquake – p. 8, estimates a population of 200,000 |date=March 2006 |access-date=21 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605222012/http://www.york.ac.uk/res/cherry/docs/Alvaro3.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nisee.berkeley.edu/lisbon/index.html |title=Historical Depictions of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake, citing an unreferenced estimate of 275,000 |publisher=Nisee.berkeley.edu |date=12 November 1998 |access-date=21 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311082423/http://nisee.berkeley.edu/lisbon/index.html |archive-date=11 March 2011}}</ref> and destroyed 85 percent of the city's structures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nisee.berkeley.edu/lisbon/index.html |title=Historical Depictions of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake |publisher=Nisee.berkeley.edu |date=12 November 1998 |access-date=21 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311082423/http://nisee.berkeley.edu/lisbon/index.html |archive-date=11 March 2011}}</ref> Among several important buildings of the city, the [[Ribeira Palace]] and the [[Hospital Real de Todos os Santos]] were lost. In coastal areas, such as [[Peniche Municipality|Peniche]], situated about {{cvt|80|km|0}} north of Lisbon, many people were killed by the following [[tsunami]].
{{multiple image
| perrow            = 2
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| image1            = Ruinas da Praça da Patriarcal após o Terramoto de 1755 - Jacques Philippe Le Bas, 1757.png
| width1            = 1012
| height1           = 716
| image2            = Ruinas da Igreja de S. Nicolau após o Terramoto de 1755 - Jacques Philippe Le Bas, 1757.png
| width3            = 1012
| height3           = 716
| footer            = The [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]] devastated Lisbon with an estimated magnitude between 8.5 and 9.0.
}}

By 1755, Lisbon was one of the largest cities in Europe; the catastrophic event shocked the whole of Europe and left a deep impression on its collective psyche. [[Voltaire]] wrote a long poem, ''Poême sur le désastre de Lisbonne'', shortly after the quake, and mentioned it in his 1759 novel ''[[Candide]]'' (indeed, many argue that this critique of [[optimism]] was inspired by that earthquake). [[Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.]] also mentions it in his 1857 poem, ''The Deacon's Masterpiece, or The Wonderful One-Hoss Shay''.

After the 1755 earthquake, the city was rebuilt largely according to the plans of Prime Minister [[Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo]], the [[Marquis of Pombal|1st Marquis of Pombal]]; the lower town began to be known as the ''Baixa Pombalina'' ([[Pombaline Lower Town|Pombaline central district]]). Instead of rebuilding the medieval town, Pombal decided to demolish what remained after the earthquake and rebuild the city centre in accordance with principles of modern urban design. It was reconstructed in an open rectangular plan with two great squares: the ''[[Praça do Rossio]]'' and the ''[[Praça do Comércio]]''. The first, the central commercial district, is the traditional gathering place of the city and the location of the older cafés, theatres and restaurants; the second became the city's main access to the River Tagus and point of departure and arrival for seagoing vessels, adorned by a triumphal arch (1873) and a monument to King [[Joseph I of Portugal|Joseph I]].

===Modern era===
[[File:Lisbon, the Palácio Nacional da Ajuda.JPG|thumb|The [[Palace of Ajuda]] was built as a residence for the [[King of Portugal]] following the [[1755 Lisbon Earthquake]].]]

In the first years of the 19th century, Portugal was invaded by the troops of [[Napoléon Bonaparte]], forcing Queen [[Maria I of Portugal|Maria I]] and Prince-Regent [[John VI of Portugal|John]] (future John VI) to flee temporarily to Brazil. By the time the new King returned to Lisbon, many of the buildings and properties were pillaged, sacked or destroyed by the invaders.

During the 19th century, the Liberal movement introduced new changes into the urban landscape. The principal areas were in the ''Baixa'' and along the ''Chiado'' district, where shops, tobacconists shops, cafés, bookstores, clubs and theatres proliferated. The development of industry and commerce determined the growth of the city, seeing the transformation of the [[Passeio Público (Lisbon)|Passeio Público]], a Pombaline era park, into the [[Avenida da Liberdade]], as the city grew farther from the Tagus.

Lisbon was the site of the [[Lisbon Regicide|regicide]] of [[Carlos I of Portugal]] in 1908, an event which culminated two years later in the establishment of the First Republic.
[[File:Proclamação República Portuguesa.jpg|thumb|right|The [[5 October 1910 revolution|Proclamation of the Portuguese Republic]] in 1910]]
[[File:33286-Padrão dos Descobrimentos (36569390292).jpg|thumb|[[Monument of the Discoveries]] was built for the [[Portuguese World Exhibition|1940 Portuguese World Exhibition]].]]

The city refounded its university in 1911 after centuries of inactivity in Lisbon, incorporating reformed former colleges and other non-university higher education schools of the city (such as the ''Escola Politécnica'' – now ''Faculdade de Ciências''). Today there are two public universities in the city ([[University of Lisbon]] and [[New University of Lisbon]]), a public university institute ([[ISCTE - Lisbon University Institute]]) and a [[polytechnic (Portugal)|polytechnic]] institute (IPL – [[Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa]]).

During [[Portugal in World War II|World War II]], Lisbon was one of the very few neutral, open European Atlantic ports, a major gateway for refugees to the U.S. and a haven for spies. More than 100,000 refugees were able to flee [[Nazi Germany]] via Lisbon.<ref>"[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Portugal.html Portugal] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121130631/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Portugal.html |date=21 January 2017 }}". The Virtual Jewish History Tour.</ref>

During the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]] regime (1926–1974), Lisbon, under the influence of [[Duarte Pacheco]], the minister of works, was expanded at the cost of other districts within the country, resulting in nationalist and monumental projects. New residential and public developments were constructed; the zone of [[Belém (Lisbon)|Belém]] was modified for the [[Portuguese World Exhibition|1940 Portuguese Exhibition]], while along the periphery new districts appeared to house the growing population. The inauguration of the bridge over the Tagus allowed a rapid connection between both sides of the river.

Lisbon was the site of three revolutions in the 20th century. The first, the [[5 October 1910 revolution]], brought an end to the [[Portuguese monarchy]] and established the highly unstable and corrupt [[Portuguese First Republic]]. The [[28 May 1926 coup d'état|6 June 1926 revolution]] ended the first republic and firmly established the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]], or the [[Portuguese Second Republic]], as the ruling regime.

===Contemporary===
The [[Carnation Revolution]], which took place on 25 April 1974, ended the right-wing [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]] regime and reformed the country to become as it is today, the [[Portuguese Third Republic]].
[[File:Parque das Nações - Lisboa (Portugal).jpg|thumb|Lisbon's [[Expo '98]] mascot, "Gil".]]
In the 1990s, many of the districts were renovated and projects in the historic quarters were established to modernise those areas, for instance, architectural and patrimonial buildings were renovated, the northern margin of the Tagus was re-purposed for leisure and residential use, the [[Vasco da Gama Bridge]] was constructed and the eastern part of the municipality was re-purposed for [[Expo '98]] to commemorate the 500th anniversary of [[Vasco da Gama]]'s sea voyage to India, a voyage that would bring immense riches to Lisbon and cause many of Lisbon's landmarks to be built.

In 1988, a fire in the historical district of [[Chiado]] saw the destruction of many 18th-century [[Pombaline style]] buildings. A series of restoration works has brought the area back to its former self and made it a high-scale shopping district.

The [[Lisbon Agenda]] was a European Union agreement on measures to revitalise the EU economy, signed in Lisbon in March 2000. In October 2007 Lisbon hosted the [[2007 EU Summit]], where an agreement was reached regarding a new EU governance model. The resulting [[Treaty of Lisbon]] was signed on 13 December 2007 and came into force on 1 December 2009.
[[File:Tratado de Lisboa 13 12 2007 (08) edited.jpg|thumb|The [[Treaty of Lisbon]], which forms the constitutional basis of the [[European Union]], was signed at the [[Jerónimos Monastery]] in 2007.]]
Lisbon has been the site for many international events and programmes. In 1994, Lisbon was the [[European Capital of Culture]]. On 3 November 2005, Lisbon hosted the [[MTV Europe Music Awards 2005|MTV European Music Awards]]. On 7 July 2007, Lisbon held the ceremony of the "New 7 Wonders Of The World"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.new7wonders.com/index.php?id=315&L=0 |title=Welcome to the official global voting platform of |publisher=New7Wonders |access-date=8 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091220070115/http://www.new7wonders.com/index.php?id=315&L=0 |archive-date=20 December 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> election, in the [[Estádio da Luz|Luz Stadium]], with live transmission for millions of people all over the world. Every two years, Lisbon hosts the [[Rock in Rio#Lisboa, Portugal, and Madrid, Spain|Rock in Rio Lisboa]] Music Festival, one of the largest in the world. Lisbon hosted the [[NATO]] summit (19–20 November 2010), a [[summit (meeting)|summit meeting]] that is regarded as a periodic opportunity for Heads of State and [[Head of Government|Heads of Government]] of [[NATO member states]] to evaluate and provide strategic direction for Alliance activities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nato.int/issues/summits/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914152244/http://www.nato.int/issues/summits/index.html |url-status=dead |title=NATO, ''NATO Summit Meetings'', 4 December 2006 |archive-date=14 September 2011 |access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref> The city hosts the [[Web Summit]] and is the head office for the [[G7+|Group of Seven Plus (G7+)]]. In 2018 it hosted the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2018|Eurovision Song Contest]] for the first time as well as the [[Michelin Guide|Michelin Gala]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://meetingspotlight.com/ |title=Meeting Spotlight &#124; The meeting planner destination resource |website=meetingspotlight.com |access-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224172742/https://meetingspotlight.com/ |archive-date=24 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 July 2018, the [[Aga Khan IV|Aga Khan]] officially chose the Henrique de Mendonça Palace, located on Rua Marquês de Fronteira, as the ''[[Divan]]'', or seat, of the global [[Nizari Isma'ilism|Nizari Muslim]] [[Imamate]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://ismailimail.blog/2015/06/03/photos-ismaili-imamat-establishes-headquarters-in-portugal/ |title=Photos: Ismaili Imamat establishes headquarters in Portugal |access-date=22 October 2020 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026153844/https://ismailimail.blog/2015/06/03/photos-ismaili-imamat-establishes-headquarters-in-portugal/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Darcy |first=Marie-Line |url=https://international.la-croix.com/news/religion/lisbon-as-the-holy-see-for-ismaili-shia-muslims/8034 |title=Lisbon as the 'Holy See' for Ismaili Shia Muslims |access-date=22 October 2020 |date=12 July 2018 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026210029/https://international.la-croix.com/amp/religion/lisbon-as-the-holy-see-for-ismaili-shia-muslims/8034 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lisbon hosted [[World Youth Day 2023]] in August of that year, attracting [[Catholicism|Catholic]] youth from the around the world. [[Pope Francis]] led several events, with the final [[Mass (liturgy)|mass]] held in the city's Parque do Tejo having an estimated 1.5 million attendees.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is it - WYD Lisbon 2023 |url=https://www.lisboa2023.org/en/what-is-it |website=JMJ 2023 |date=19 September 2022 |access-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606223402/https://www.lisboa2023.org/en/what-is-it |archive-date=6 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Deborah Castellano Lubov |title=Pope Francis arrives in Portugal for World Youth Day - Vatican News |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2023-08/pope-francis-kicks-off-apostolic-journey-to-portugal-for-wyd.html |access-date=2 October 2023 |work=www.vaticannews.va |date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817012152/https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2023-08/pope-francis-kicks-off-apostolic-journey-to-portugal-for-wyd.html |archive-date=17 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=White |first1=Christopher |title=Pope Francis to 1.5 million youth in Portugal: Be 'beacons of hope in dark times' |url=https://www.ncronline.org/vatican/vatican-news/pope-francis-15-million-youth-portugal-be-beacons-hope-dark-times |access-date=2 October 2023 |work=National Catholic Reporter |date=6 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>