Editing Libbie Hyman (section)

==Work==
At the request of the University of Chicago Press, Hyman wrote ''A Laboratory Manual for Elementary Zoology'' (1919),<ref name="Hyman 1919">{{cite web | last=Hyman | first=Libbie Henrietta | title=A Laboratory Manual for Elementary Zoölogy : Libbie Henrietta Hyman : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive | website=Internet Archive | date=1919 | url=https://archive.org/details/alaboratorymanu00hymagoog | access-date=2015-10-23}}</ref> which promptly became widely used, to her astonishment. She followed this, again at the publisher's request, with ''[[A Laboratory Manual for Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy]]'' (1922),<ref name="Hyman 1922">{{cite web | last=Hyman | first=Libbie Henrietta | title=A Laboratory Manual for Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy : Libbie Henrietta Hyman : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive | website=Internet Archive | date=1922 | url=https://archive.org/details/ost-biology-labmanualcompvert00hymarich | access-date=2015-10-23}}</ref> which also had great success. She was, however, much more interested in [[invertebrate]]s. By 1925 she was considering how to prepare a laboratory guide in that field but "was persuaded by [unnamed] colleagues to write an advanced text" (quoted in Hutchinson, p.&nbsp;107).<ref name="Hyman 1919" />

While at the University of Chicago, Hyman also wrote taxonomic papers on such invertebrates as the [[Turbellaria]] (flatworms) and North American species of the freshwater cnidarian ''[[Hydra (genus)|Hydra]]''. She published an enlarged edition of her first laboratory manual in 1929.

In 1931, Hyman concluded that she could live on the royalties of her published books, and she also recognized that her mentor Child was about to retire. She therefore resigned her position at Chicago. Hyman toured western Europe for fifteen months and then returned to begin writing a treatise on the invertebrates. Settling in [[New York City]] in order to use the library of the [[American Museum of Natural History]], she became, in December 1936, an unpaid research associate of the museum, which provided her with an office for the rest of her life. There, Hyman created her six-volume treatise on invertebrates, ''The Invertebrates'', drawing on her familiarity with several European languages and [[Russian language|Russian]], which she had learned from her father.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |url= http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/hyman-libbie.pdf|title= Libbie Henrietta Hyman | journal =Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 60| issue = 5230| pages =103–114|bibcode= 1970Natur.225..393. |year= 1970 |doi= 10.1038/225393a0 |s2cid= 4220968 |doi-access= free }}</ref> She compiled notes from books and scientific papers, including those in the many journals to which she subscribed, organized the notes on cards, and wrote an account of each invertebrate group. She took art lessons in order to illustrate her work professionally. She spent several summers studying specimens and drawing illustrations at [[Bermuda biological station for research|Bermuda Biological Laboratory]], [[Marine Biological Laboratory]], [[Mt. Desert Island]] Biological Laboratory, and [[Friday Harbor Laboratories|Puget Sound Biological Station]].{{cn|date=June 2024}}

Volume I ([[Protozoa]] through [[Ctenophora]]) of ''The Invertebrates'', was published in February 1940. Volume 2 ([[Platyhelminthes]] and [[Rhynchocoela]]) and Volume 3 ([[Acanthocephala]], [[Aschelminthes]], and [[Entoprocta]]), both published in 1951, were followed by Volume 4 ([[Echinodermata]]) in 1955, Volume 5 (Smaller [[Coelomates|Coelomate]] Groups) in 1959, and Volume 6 ([[Mollusca]] I) in 1967. In it, she developed her scientific theory that the [[phylum]] [[Chordata]], including all [[vertebrate]]s, was evolutionarily related to the apparently very different and very much more primitive [[Echinoderm]]ata, such as [[starfish]].<ref name="HymanIV">{{cite book |last=Hyman |first=Libbie Henrietta |year=1955|title=The Invertebrates: Echinodermata. The Coelomate Bilateria. |volume=IV |publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/invertebrates0004hyma/page/n7/mode/2up }}</ref> This group is now known as the  [[deuterostomes]]. Her theory was based upon the morphological data of classical embryology, and has since been confirmed by molecular [[sequence analysis]].

In addition to her major project, Hyman extensively revised ''[[A Laboratory Manual for Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy]]'' in 1942 into a textbook as well as laboratory manual; she referred to it as her "bread and butter" for its income.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} She wrote about 136 papers on physiology and systematics of the lower invertebrates and published technical papers on [[annelid]] and [[polyclad]] worms and on other invertebrates. She commented in a letter: "The polyclads of [[Bermuda]] were so pretty that I could not resist collecting them and figuring out Verrill's mistakes" (quoted in Schram, p.&nbsp;126). [[Addison Emery Verrill]] had been an earlier expert in invertebrate classification.

Hyman served as editor of the journal ''[[Systematic Zoology]]'' from 1959 to 1963. In 1960, she was elected a Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter H|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterH.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=July 29, 2014}}</ref> She was honored in 1961 with membership in the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]], from which she had received the [[Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal]] in 1951.<ref name=Elliot>{{cite web|title=Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal |url=http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_elliot |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |access-date=15 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801121352/http://nas.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_elliot |archive-date=August 1, 2012 }}</ref> She also received the gold medal of the [[Linnean Society of London]] (1960) and a gold medal from the [[American Museum of Natural History]] (1969).<ref>{{Cite book|title=American Museum Novitates|year=1921 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History (BioOne sponsored)|doi=10.1206/novi|url=http://archive.org/details/americanmuseumno01ameruoft}}</ref> She died from [[Parkinson's disease]] in New York City, aged 80.<ref name="Hyman 1919" />