Editing Lepsius Standard Alphabet (section)

==Consonants==
The Lepsius letters without predictable diacritics are as follows:

{| class="wikitable Unicode"
! {{abbr|S.A.|(Lepsius's) Standard Alphabet}} 
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! Name
|-
| <big>ʼ</big> || {{IPAblink|ʔ}} || [[glottal stop]]
|-
| <big>ꜣ</big> ||{{IPAblink|ʕ}} || [[voiced pharyngeal fricative]]
|-
| <big>h</big> || {{IPAblink|h}} || [[voiceless glottal fricative]]
|-
| <big>h̔</big> || {{IPAblink|ħ}} || [[voiceless pharyngeal fricative]]
|-
| <big>q</big> || {{IPAblink|q}} || [[voiceless uvular plosive]]
|-
| <big>k</big> || {{IPAblink|k}} || [[voiceless velar plosive]]
|-
| <big>g</big> || {{IPAblink|ɡ}} || [[voiced velar plosive]]
|-
| <big>ṅ</big> || {{IPAblink|ŋ}} || [[velar nasal]]
|-
| <big>χ</big> || {{IPAblink|x}} || [[voiceless velar fricative]]
|-
| <big>γ</big> || {{IPAblink|ɣ}} || [[voiced velar fricative]]
|-
| <big>ṙ</big> || {{IPAblink|ʀ}} || [[uvular trill]]
|-
| <big>š</big> || {{IPAblink|ʃ}} || [[voiceless postalveolar fricative]]
|- 
| <big>č</big> || colspan=2| same as <big>tš</big>
|- 
| <big>c̀</big> || colspan=2| same as <big>tš́</big>
|-
| <big>ž</big> || {{IPAblink|ʒ}} || [[voiced postalveolar fricative]]
|- 
| <big>ǰ</big> || colspan=2| same as <big>dž</big>
|- 
| <big>j̀</big> || colspan=2| same as <big>dž́</big>
|-
| <big>y, j</big><ref>Lepsius used ''j'' for Slavic languages, ''y'' for most others.</ref> || {{IPAblink|j}} || [[palatal approximant]]
|-
| <big>t</big> || {{IPAblink|t}} || [[voiceless alveolar plosive]]
|- 
| <big>ț</big> || colspan=2| same as <big>ts</big>
|-
| <big>d</big> || {{IPAblink|d}} || [[voiced alveolar plosive]]
|- 
| <big>d̦</big> || colspan=2| same as <big>dz</big>
|-
| <big>n</big> || {{IPAblink|n}} || [[alveolar nasal]]
|- 
| <big>s</big> || {{IPAblink|s}} || [[voiceless alveolar fricative]]
|-
| <big>z</big> || {{IPAblink|z}} || [[voiced alveolar fricative]]
|-
| <big>θ</big> || {{IPAblink|θ}} || [[voiceless dental fricative]]
|-
| <big>δ</big> || {{IPAblink|ð}} || [[voiced dental fricative]]
|-
| <big>r</big> || {{IPAblink|r}} || [[alveolar trill]]
|-
| <big>l</big> || {{IPAblink|l}} || [[alveolar lateral approximant]]
|-
| <big>ł</big> || {{IPAblink|ɫ}} || [[voiced velarized alveolar approximant]]
|-
| <big>p</big> || {{IPAblink|p}} || [[voiceless bilabial plosive]]
|-
| <big>b</big> || {{IPAblink|b}} || [[voiced bilabial plosive]]
|-
| <big>m</big> || {{IPAblink|m}} || [[bilabial nasal]]
|-
| <big>f</big> || {{IPAblink|f}} || [[voiceless bilabial fricative]]
|-
| <big>v</big> || {{IPAblink|v}} || [[voiced bilabial fricative]]
|-
| <big>w</big> || {{IPAblink|w}} || [[labial-velar approximant]]
|-
| <big>ı</big><ref>The four [[click letter]]s are based on a vertical pipe without ascender or descender (that is, the height of the letter ''n''). In some fonts, such as that used for Krönlein's Khoekhoe grammar, they have the height of the letter ''t''.</ref> || {{IPAblink|ǀ}} || [[dental click]]
|-
| <big>ıı</big> ||{{IPAblink|ǁ}} || [[lateral click]]
|}

Other consonant sounds may be derived from these. For example, palatal and palatalized consonants are marked with an acute accent: ''ḱ'' {{IPAblink|c}}, ''ǵ'' {{IPAblink|ɟ}}, ''ń'' {{IPAblink|ɲ}}, ''χ́'' {{IPAblink|ç}}, ''š́'' {{IPAblink|ɕ}}, ''γ́'' {{IPAblink|ʝ}}, ''ž́'' {{IPAblink|ʑ}}, ''ĺ'' {{IPAblink|ʎ}}, ''‘ĺ'' {{IPAblink|ʎ̝̊}}, ''ı́'' {{IPAblink|ǂ}}, ''ṕ'' {{IPA|[pʲ]}}, etc. These can also be written ''ky, py'' etc.

Labialized velars are written with an over-dot: ''ġ'' {{IPA|[ɡʷ]}}, ''n̈'' {{IPA|[ŋʷ]}}, etc. (A dot on a non-velar letter, as in ''ṅ'' and ''ṙ'' in the table above, indicates a [[guttural]] articulation.)

Retroflex consonants are marked with an under-dot: ''ṭ'' {{IPAblink|ʈ}}, ''ḍ'' {{IPAblink|ɖ}}, ''ṇ'' {{IPAblink|ɳ}}, ''ṣ̌'' {{IPAblink|ʂ}}, ''ẓ̌'' {{IPAblink|ʐ}}, ''ṛ'' {{IPAblink|ɽ}}, ''ḷ'' {{IPAblink|ɭ}}, and ''ı̣'' {{IPAblink|ǃ}}.

The Semitic "emphatic" consonants are marked with an underline: ''ṯ'' {{IPAblink|tˤ}}, ''ḏ'' {{IPAblink|dˤ}}, ''s̱'' {{IPAblink|sˤ}}, ''ẕ'' {{IPAblink|zˤ}}, ''δ̱'' {{IPAblink|ðˤ}}, ''ḻ'' {{IPAblink|lˤ}}.

[[aspiration (phonetics)|Aspiration]] is typically marked by ''h'': ''kh'' {{IPAblink|kʰ}}, but a turned apostrophe (Greek ''[[spiritus asper]]'') is also used: ''k̒'' {{IPAblink|kʰ}}, ''ģ'' {{IPAblink|ɡʱ}}. Either convention may be used for voiceless sonorants: ''m̒'' {{IPAblink|m̥}}, ''‘l'' {{IPAblink|ɬ}}.<ref>With the apostrophe placed ''before'' the ''l'', presumably to avoid stacking it too high to print</ref>

[[affricate consonant|Affricates]] are generally written as sequences, e.g. ''tš'' for {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}}. But the single letters ''č'' {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}}, ''ǰ'' {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}}, ''c̀'' {{IPAblink|t͡ɕ}}, ''j̀'' {{IPAblink|d͡ʑ}}, ''ț'' {{IPAblink|t͡s}}, and ''d̦'' {{IPAblink|d͡z}} are also used.

Implosives are written with a macron: ''b̄'' {{IPAblink|ɓ}}, ''d̄'' {{IPAblink|ɗ}}, ''j̄'' {{IPAblink|ʄ}}, ''ḡ'' {{IPAblink|ɠ}}. As with vowels, long (geminate) consonants may also be written with a macron, so this transcription can be ambiguous.

Lepsius typically characterized [[ejective consonant]]s as [[tenuis consonant|tenuis]], as they are completely unaspirated, and wrote them with the Greek ''[[spiritus lenis]]'' (''p’'', ''t’'', etc.), which may be the source of the modern convention for ejectives in the IPA. However, when his sources made it clear that there was some activity in the throat, he transcribed them as emphatics.

When transcribing consonant letters which are pronounced the same but are etymologically distinct, as in Armenian, diacritics from the original alphabet or roman transliteration may be carried over. Similarly, unique sounds such as Czech ''ř'' may be carried over into Lepsius transcription. Lepsius used a diacritic ''r'' under ''t᷊'' and ''d᷊'' for some poorly described sounds in Dravidian languages.

Standard capitalization is used. For example, when written in all caps, ''γ'' becomes ''Γ'' (as in ''AFΓAN'' "Afghan").