Editing Lateran Treaty (section)

==History==
{{more citations needed|section|date=February 2018}}<!--several paragraphs are not cited-->
[[File:Francesco Pacelli.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Francesco Pacelli]] was the right-hand man to Pius XI's Secretary of State [[Pietro Gasparri]] during the Lateran Treaty negotiations]]
[[File:Vatican City annex.jpg|thumb|The territory of Vatican City State, established by the Lateran Accords]]
[[File:Vatican City map EN.svg|thumb|A map of Vatican City]]

During the [[Italian unification|unification of Italy]] in the mid-19th century, the Papal States under [[Pope Pius IX]] resisted incorporation into the new nation, even as almost all the other Italian countries joined it; [[Camillo Cavour]]'s dream of proclaiming the Kingdom of Italy from the steps of [[St. Peter's Basilica]] did not come to pass. The nascent Kingdom of Italy invaded and occupied [[Romagna]] (the eastern portion of the Papal States) in 1860, leaving only Lazio (''Latium'') in the pope's domains. 

Latium, including Rome itself, [[Capture of Rome|was occupied]] and annexed in 1870. For the following sixty years, relations between the Papacy and the Italian government were hostile, and the sovereign rights of the pope became known as the Roman question.

{{cquote|The Popes knew that Rome was irrevocably the capital of Italy. There was nothing they wanted less than to govern it or be burdened with a papal kingdom. What they wished was independence, a foothold on the earth that belonged to no other sovereign.<ref>Vatican Journal, p. 59 (entry dated June 14, 1931).</ref>}}

Under the terms of the [[Law of Guarantees]] of 1871, the Italian government offered to Pius IX and his successors the use of, but not sovereignty over, the Vatican and Lateran Palaces and a yearly income of 3,250,000 [[Italian lira|Lire]]. The Holy See refused this settlement, on the grounds that the pope's spiritual jurisdiction required clear independence from any political power, and thereafter each pope considered himself a "[[prisoner in the Vatican]]". The Lateran Treaty ended this impasse.

Negotiations for the settlement of the Roman question began in 1926 between the Holy See and the [[Italian fascist]] government led by Prime Minister [[Benito Mussolini]], and culminated in the agreements of the Lateran Pacts, signed—the Treaty says—for King [[Victor Emmanuel III]] by Mussolini and for [[Pope Pius XI]] by Cardinal Secretary of State [[Pietro Gasparri]],<ref>Kertzer, ''Prisoner of the Vatican'', p. 292</ref> on 11 February 1929.<ref>Rhodes, ''The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators'', p. 46</ref> It was ratified on 7 June 1929.<ref>The National Encyclopedia, Vol. 10, p. 266</ref>

The agreements included a political treaty which created the state of the Vatican City and guaranteed full and independent sovereignty to the [[Holy See]]. The Pope was pledged to perpetual [[neutrality (international relations)|neutrality]] in [[international relations]] and to abstention from mediation in a controversy unless specifically requested by all parties. In the first article of the treaty, Italy reaffirmed the principle established in the [[1848 Constitution of the Kingdom of Italy]], that "the Catholic, Apostolic and Roman Religion is the only religion of the State".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/archivio/documents/rc_seg-st_19290211_patti-lateranensi_it.html|title=Patti lateranensi, 11 febbraio 1929 - Segreteria di Stato, card. Pietro Gasparri|website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> 

The attached financial agreement was accepted as settlement of all the claims of the Holy See against Italy from the loss of temporal power over the Papal States in 1870, though the sum agreed to was actually less than Italy had offered in 1871. To commemorate the successful conclusion of the negotiations, Mussolini commissioned the ''[[Via della Conciliazione]]'' ("Road of the Conciliation"), which would symbolically link the Vatican City to the heart of Rome.

=== After 1946 ===
The post-[[World War II]] Constitution of the Italian Republic, adopted in 1948, states that relations between the State and the Catholic Church "are regulated by the Lateran Treaties".<ref name="constitution7"/> In 1984, the concordat was significantly revised. Both sides declared: "The principle of the Catholic religion as the sole religion of the Italian State, originally referred to by the Lateran Pacts, shall be considered to be no longer in force."<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922053313/http://home.lu.lv/~rbalodis/Baznicu%20tiesibas/Akti/Arvalstis_ligumi/Italijas%26Sv.Kresla_konkordats.pdf|archive-date=22 September 2020|url-status=live|url=http://home.lu.lv/~rbalodis/Baznicu%20tiesibas/Akti/Arvalstis_ligumi/Italijas&Sv.Kresla_konkordats.pdf|publisher=The American Society of International Law|title=Agreement between the Italian Republic and the Holy See (English translation)}}</ref> 

The exclusive state financial support for the Church was ended, and replaced by financing through a dedicated personal income tax called the ''[[Eight per thousand|otto per mille]]'', to which other religious groups, Christian and non-Christian, also have access. {{As of|2013}}, there were ten other religious groups with access.

The revised concordat regulated the conditions under which the state accords legal recognition to church marriages and to ecclesiastical [[declaration of nullity|declarations of nullity]] of marriages.<ref>Article 8 of the revised concordat</ref> The agreement also ended state recognition of knighthoods and titles of nobility conferred by the Holy See,<ref>Articles 41–42 of the 1929 concordat</ref> the right of the state to request ecclesiastical honours for those chosen to perform religious functions for the state or the royal household,<ref>Article 15 of the 1929 concordat</ref> and the right of the state to present political objections to the proposed appointment of diocesan bishops.<ref>Article 19 of the 1929 concordat</ref> In 2008, it was announced that the Vatican would no longer immediately adopt all Italian laws, citing conflict over right-to-life issues following the [[trial and ruling of the Eluana Englaro case]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE4BU3BD20081231|title=Vatican ends automatic adoption of Italian law |last=Elgood |first=Giles |date=2008-12-31|work=[[Reuters]]|quote=The Vatican will no longer automatically adopt new Italian laws as its own, a top Vatican official said, citing the vast number of laws Italy churns out, many of which are in odds with Catholic doctrine. |access-date=2009-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309173133/https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE4BU3BD20081231 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{failed verification|reason=The article only speculates the Vatican's decision was because of the Englaro case, citing more speculation from an Italian official.|date=September 2021}}