Editing Languedoc-Roussillon (section)

== History ==
[[File:Carte des Gouvernements de Languedoc.. Roussillon.jpg|thumb|Map of the Governments of Languedoc, Foix and Roussillon by [[Rigobert Bonne]] (1727–1795), Paris, circa 1783|left]]
[[File:Carte du Languedoc.svg|left|thumb|The province of Languedoc within its 18th century limits and the current communes and departments.]]
Towards the end of the 3rd century BC, a [[Celts|Celtic people]], the {{lang|la|italic=no|[[Volcae]]}}, took up residence in the region between the [[Rhône]] and the [[Garonne]], from the [[Cévennes]] to the [[Pyrenees]].<ref>{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Volcae|volume=28|page=178}}</ref><ref>"At the time of [[Hannibal]]'s [[Second Punic War|invasion of Italy]], the Volcae had also possessions east of the Rhône" (Smith 1854); see [[Livy]] xxi. 26 and [[Strabo]] 203).</ref> Their capitals were [[Toulouse]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ring |first1=Trudy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yfPYAQAAQBAJ |title=Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places |last2=Watson |first2=Noelle |last3=Schellinger |first3=Paul |date=2013-10-28 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-63944-9 |pages=730 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Nîmes]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Des Volques Arécomiques à la colonie de Nîmes. Contribution à l'étude de la politique coloniale de Rome en Gaule méridionale (2eme siècle avant J. -C. -1er siècle après J. -C. ) |url=https://www.theses.fr/1987PA040325 |publisher=Paris 4 |date=1988-01-01 |degree=These de doctorat |first=Danièle |last=Roman}}</ref>

They made a pact with the Romans from the 1st century BC. [[Narbonne]] was created to pacify the province in 118 BC and became the capital of the [[Gallia Narbonensis|Narbonnaise]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Grand |first=Chantal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaiaCwAAQBAJ |title=Le douloureux passé de la Méditerranée: Histoire |date=2016-02-19 |publisher=BoD - Books on Demand |isbn=978-2-8106-2854-4 |pages=91 |language=fr}}</ref>

At the beginning of the 5th century, the [[Vandals]] invaded the province and then the [[Visigoths]] settled there. The Narbonne region, like the [[Iberian Peninsula]], remained Visigothic until its conquest by the [[Moors]] between 719 ({{Interlanguage link|Siege of Narbonne (719)|lt=fall of Narbonne|fr|Siège de Narbonne (719)}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sismondi |first=Jean Charles Léonard Simonde de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ykPAAAAQAAJ |title=Histoire de la Chute de L'émpire Romain Et Du Déclin de la Civilisation, de L'an 250 a L'an 1000 |date=1842 |publisher=N.J. Gregoir |pages=59 |language=fr}}</ref> and 725 (fall of [[Carcassonne]] and Nîmes).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghazali |first=María |date=2009-12-15 |title=Introduction |url=https://journals.openedition.org/cdlm/4900 |journal=Cahiers de la Méditerranée |language=fr |issue=79 |pages=11–26 |doi=10.4000/cdlm.4900 |issn=0395-9317}}</ref> Narbonne then became the capital of one of the five provinces of {{transliteration|ar|italic=no|[[Al-Andalus]]}} led by a {{transliteration|ar|[[wali]]}} for nearly forty years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schlama |first=Olivier |date=2017-10-28 |title=Chronique : Quand le Languedoc faisait partie du monde musulman |url=https://dis-leur.fr/chronique-languedoc-faisait-partie-monde-musulman/ |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=Dis-leur ! |language=fr-FR}}</ref>

The region was conquered by [[Pepin the Short|Pépin the Short]] ([[Siege of Narbonne (752–759)|fall of Narbonne in 759]]),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Graboïs |first=Aryeh |date=1973 |title=I. Une principauté juive dans la France du Midi à l'époque carolingienne ? |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/anami_0003-4398_1973_num_85_112_4805 |journal=Annales du Midi |volume=85 |issue=112 |pages=192 |doi=10.3406/anami.1973.4805}}</ref> who made it the [[marquisate of Gothia]], included in the [[Duchy of Aquitaine|kingdom of Aquitaine]]<ref>Lauranson-Rosaz, Christian. “Les Guillelmides : une famille de l’aristocratie d’empire carolingienne dans le Midi de la Gaule (VIII<sup>e</sup>-X<sup>e</sup> siècles)”. Macé, Laurent. ''Entre histoire et épopée. Les Guillaume d’Orange (IX<sup>e</sup>-XIII<sup>e</sup> siècles): Hommage à Claudie Amado.'' Toulouse: Presses universitaires du Midi, 2006. (pp. 45-81) Web. http://books.openedition.org/pumi/36238.</ref> created in 778. This vast territory encompassed all of the south of the Rhône to the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] and was bequeathed by [[Charlemagne]] to his son [[Louis the Pious]] in 781.<ref name=":0" /> The administration was entrusted to the [[Count of Toulouse|counts of Toulouse]].

During the feudal era, a great political fragmentation took place: the [[County of Roussillon|counties of Roussillon]] and [[County of Cerdanya|Cerdanya]] passed into the orbit of the [[Crown of Aragon]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cayx |first1=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ppPRZxrvQ-AC |title=Précis de l'histoire de France depuis les temps les plus anciens jusqu'à la révolution de 89: pour servir à l'enseignement dans les collèges royaux et les autres établissements d'instruction publique |last2=Poirson |first2=Auguste |date=1840 |publisher=L. Colas |pages=33 |language=fr}}</ref> while Bas-Languedoc passed under the domination of the [[Trencavel|house of Trencavel]] and their rivals the counts of Toulouse.<ref>{{Citation |last=Débax |first=Hélène |title=Chapitre 6. Une principauté féodale au xiie siècle, l'exemple des Trencavel |date=2020-02-27 |url=http://books.openedition.org/pumi/13164 |work=La Féodalité languedocienne - xie-xiie siècles : Serments, hommages et fiefs dans le Languedoc des Trencavel |pages=269–325 |series=Tempus |place=Toulouse |publisher=Presses universitaires du Midi |isbn=978-2-8107-0876-5 |access-date=2022-04-06}}</ref>

[[Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse|Raymond IV]] (1042–1115) achieved through marriage the objective of reunification by enlarging his state to the [[Rouergue|county of Rouergue]], Nîmes, Narbonne, [[Gévaudan]], [[Agde]], [[Béziers]] and [[Uzès]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raimond IV dit Raimond de Saint-Gilles - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/personnage/Raimond_IV/140207 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}</ref>

The fight against [[Catharism]] and the [[Albigensian Crusade]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ducret |first=Alix |date=2016-05-04 |title=Le monde des Enfers |url=http://www.historia-nostra.com/?option=com_content&task=view&id=278&Itemid=39 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614195428/https://www.historia-nostra.com/?option=com_content&task=view&id=278&Itemid=39#federation=archive.wikiwix.com |archive-date=14 June 2021 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=historia-nostra.com }}</ref> led to the extinction of the dynasty of the Counts of Toulouse. The province was united to the [[Kingdom of France]] in 1271, with the exception of [[Montpellier]], which remained under the influence of the [[House of Barcelona]] and then of Majorca, and which was not attached to the Kingdom of France until 1349. From there was born the royal Languedoc which persisted until the [[French Revolution]].

The [[Treaty of Corbeil (1258)|Treaty of Corbeil in 1258]] ratified the division with the southern territories of the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Corbeil {{!}} France [1258] {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Treaty-of-Corbeil |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The [[Corbières Massif|Corbières]] formed the border between the Kingdom of France and the [[Principality of Catalonia]] in the Crown of Aragon.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pala |first=Marc |title=L'ancienne frontière: entre mythe et histoire, un espace de l'entre-deux |date=2008 |publisher=Parc naturel régional de la Narbonnaise en Méditerranée |isbn=978-2-9515804-5-9 |language=fr}}</ref>

In 1659, the [[Treaty of the Pyrenees]] led to the annexation of Roussillon and northern Cerdanya to the Kingdom of France.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Universalis |first=Encyclopædia |title=TRAITÉ DES PYRÉNÉES |url=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/traite-des-pyrenees/ |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=Encyclopædia Universalis |language=fr-FR}}</ref>