Editing Landscape architecture (section)

== History ==
[[File:Orangerie.jpg|thumb|Orangery at the Palace of Versailles, outside Paris]]
{{Main|History of landscape architecture}}
For the period before 1800, the history of landscape gardening (later called landscape architecture) is largely that of master planning and [[garden design]] for [[manor houses]], [[palace]]s and royal properties. An example is the extensive work by [[André Le Nôtre]] for King [[Louis XIV of France]] on the [[Gardens of Versailles]]. The first person to write of ''making'' a landscape was [[Joseph Addison]] in 1712. The term landscape architecture was invented by [[Gilbert Laing Meason]] in 1828, and [[John Claudius Loudon]] (1783–1843) was instrumental in the adoption of the term landscape architecture by the modern profession. He took up the term from Meason and gave it publicity in his Encyclopedias and in his 1840 book on the ''Landscape Gardening and Landscape Architecture of the Late Humphry Repton''.<ref name=":0" />

[[John Claudius Loudon]] was an established and influential [[Horticulture|horticultural]] journalist and Scottish landscape architect whose writings were instrumental in shaping [[Victorian era|Victorian]] taste in gardens, public parks, and [[Victorian architecture|architecture]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Claudius Loudon {{!}} Scottish landscape architect {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Claudius-Loudon |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> In the ''Landscape Gardening and Landscape Architecture of the Late Humphry Repton,'' [[John Claudius Loudon|Loudon]] describes two distinct styles of landscape gardening existing at the beginning of the 19th century: geometric and natural.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Repton |first1=Humphry |url=http://archive.org/details/landscapegardeni00rept |title=The landscape gardening and landscape architecture of the late Humphry Repton, esq., being his entire works on these subjects : ...with historical and scientific introduction, a systematic analysis, a biographical notice, notes, and copious alphabetical index |last2=Loudon |first2=J. C. (John Claudius) |date=1840 |publisher=London : Printed for the editor, and sold by Longman |others=Getty Research Institute}}</ref> [[John Claudius Loudon|Loudon]] wrote that each style reflected a different stage of society. The geometric style was “most striking and pleasing,” displaying wealth and taste in an “early state of society” and in “countries where the general scenery was wild, irregular, and natural, and man, comparatively, uncultivated and unrefined.”<ref name=":0" /> The natural style was used in “modern times” and in countries where “society is in a higher state of cultivation," displaying wealth and taste through the sacrifice of profitable lands to make room for such designs. <ref name=":0" />

The prominent English landscape designer [[Humphry Repton]] (1752-1818) echoed similar ideas in his work and design ideas. In his writings on the use of delineated spaces (e.g. [[Courtyard|courtyards]], [[Terraced wall|terrace walls]], fences), [[Humphry Repton|Repton]] states that while the motive for defense no longer exists, the features are still useful in separating "the gardens, which belong to man, and the forest, or desert, which belongs to the wild denizens."<ref name=":0" /> [[Humphry Repton|Repton]] refers to Indigenous peoples as "uncivilized human beings, against whom some decided line of defense was absolutely necessary.”<ref name=":0" />

The practice of landscape architecture spread from the Old to the New World. The term "landscape architect" was used as a professional title by [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] in the United States in 1863{{citation needed |date=February 2015}} and [[Andrew Jackson Downing]], another early American [[landscape designer]], was editor of ''The Horticulturist'' magazine (1846–52). In 1841 his first book, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America'', was published to a great success; it was the first book of its kind published in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Horticulture |url=http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hort/history/159.html|publisher=Ohio State University|access-date=24 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716204051/http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hort/history/159.html|archive-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> During the latter 19th century, the term landscape architect began to be used by professional landscapes designers, and was firmly established after [[Frederick Law Olmsted Jr.]] and [[Beatrix Farrand|Beatrix Jones (later Farrand)]] with others founded the [[American Society of Landscape Architects]] (ASLA) in 1899. IFLA was founded at [[Cambridge]], [[England]], in 1948 with [[Geoffrey Jellicoe|Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe]] as its first president, representing 15 countries from [[Europe]] and North America. Later, in 1978, IFLA's Headquarters were established in [[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]].<ref name=IFLAbook>IFLA Past, Present, Future - A publication about the history of IFLA. {{ISBN|3-9522080-0-0}}</ref><ref>[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/Ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=123501&set=48C9DF56_2_0&gp=0&lin=1 UNCESCO Documents and Publications]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iflaworld.com/who-we-are |website=International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA) |access-date=|title = Who we are }}</ref>