Editing Lake Tanganyika (section)

==Water characteristics==
[[File:Clear lake Kagongo Ward.jpg|thumb|Clear water lake of Lake Tanganyika in Kagongo Ward, Kigoma Region, Tanzania]]
The lake's water is [[Hard water|alkaline]] with a [[pH]] around 9 at depths of {{cvt|0-100|m|ft|-1}}.<ref name=Wever2005>{{cite journal |last1=De |first1=Wever |last2=Muylaert |last3=der Gucht |first3=Van |last4=Pirlot |last5=Cocquyt |last6=Descy |last7=Plisnier |last8=Vyverman |year=2005 |title=Bacterial Community Composition in Lake Tanganyika: Vertical and Horizontal Heterogeneity |journal=Appl Environ Microbiol |volume=71 |issue=9 |pages=5029–5037 |doi=10.1128/AEM.71.9.5029-5037.2005 |pmid=16151083 |pmc=1214687 |bibcode=2005ApEnM..71.5029D}}</ref> Below this, it is around 8.7, gradually decreasing to 8.3–8.5 in the deepest parts of Tanganyika.<ref name=Wever2005/> A similar pattern can be seen in the [[electric conductivity]], ranging from about 670 μS/cm in the upper part to 690 μS/cm in the deepest.<ref name=Wever2005/>

Surface temperatures generally range from about {{cvt|24|C|F}} in the southern part of the lake in early August to {{cvt|28|-|29|C|F}} in the late rainy season in March—April.<ref name=Edmond1993>{{cite journal |last1=Edmond |last2=Stallard |last3=Craigh |last4=Weiss |last5=Coulter |year=1993 |title=Nutrient chemistry of the water column of Lake Tanganyika |journal=Limnol. Oceanogr. |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=725–738 |doi=10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725 |bibcode=1993LimOc..38..725E |doi-access=free}}</ref> At depths greater than {{cvt|400|m|ft}}, the temperature is very stable at {{cvt|23.1|-|23.4|C|F}}.<ref name=Reilly2003>{{Cite journal |last1=O'Reilly |first1=Catherine M. |last2=Alin |first2=Simone R. |last3=Plisnier |first3=Pierre-Denis |last4=Cohen |first4=Andrew S. |last5=Mckee |first5=Brent A. |date=August 14, 2003 |title=Climate change decreases aquatic ecosystem productivity of Lake Tanganyika, Africa |doi=10.1038/nature01833 |pmid=12917682 |journal=Nature |volume=424 |issue=6950 |pages=766–768 |bibcode=2003Natur.424..766O |s2cid=1637315}}</ref> The water has gradually warmed since the 19th century and this has accelerated with [[global warming]] since the 1950s.<ref name=Jensen2016>{{cite web |author=Jensen, M.R. |title=Lake Tanganyika Fisheries Declining From Global Warming |url=https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/lake-tanganyika-fisheries-declining-global-warming |publisher=University of Arizona |date=8 August 2016 |access-date=5 March 2018 |archive-date=6 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306085806/https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/lake-tanganyika-fisheries-declining-global-warming |url-status=live }}</ref>

The lake is [[Lake stratification|stratified]] and seasonal mixing generally does not extend beyond depths of {{cvt|150|m|ft}}.<ref name=Edmond1993/> The mixing mainly occurs as [[upwelling]]s in the south and is wind-driven, but to a lesser extent, up- and downwellings also occur elsewhere in the lake.<ref name=Lowe2003>{{cite journal |last1=Lowe-McConnell |first1=R.H. |year=2003 |title=Recent research in the African Great Lakes: Fisheries, biodiversity and cichlid evolution |journal=Freshwater Forum |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=4–64}}</ref> As a consequence of the stratification, the deep sections contain "[[fossil water]]".<ref>Hutter; Yongqi; and Chubarenko (2011). Physics of Lakes, volume 1: Foundation of the Mathematical and Physical Background. P. 11. {{ISBN|978-3-642-15178-1}}.</ref> This also means it has no [[oxygen]] (it is [[Anoxic waters|anoxic]]) in the deeper parts, essentially limiting fish and other [[Obligate aerobe|aerobic organisms]] to the upper part. Some geographical variations are seen in this limit, but it is typically at depths around {{cvt|100|m|ft}} in the northern part of the lake and {{cvt|240-250|m|ft}} in the south.<ref name=Wright2006>Wright, J.J.; and L.M. Page (2006). Taxonomic revision of Lake Tanganyikan Synodontis (Siluriformes: Mochokidae). Florida Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 46(4): 99–154.</ref><ref name=McConnell1987>Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (1987). Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. {{ISBN|0-521-28064-8}}.</ref> The oxygen-devoid deepest sections contain high levels of toxic [[hydrogen sulfide]] and are essentially lifeless,<ref name=zambiatour/> except for [[bacteria]].<ref name=Wever2005/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ryan |first1=Emily |last2=Todd |first2=Jonathan A. |last3=McGlue |first3=Michael |last4=Kimirei |first4=Ismael |last5=Soreghan |first5=Michael |title=Variation in Taphonomic Character of Shell Beds in Lake Tanganyika, Africa: Paleoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Implications of Shell Beds in Lakes |series=Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs |date=2017 |publisher=Geological Society of America |doi=10.1130/abs/2017am-304608}}</ref>