Editing La Borinqueña (section)

==History==
{{Listen
| filename     = 1860s arrangement of "La Borinqueña", performed by the U.S. Navy Band.oga
| title        = Original instrumental version
| description  = The original quicker-tempo 19th-century arrangement of "La Borinqueña", as performed by the [[United States Navy Band]].
}}
[[File:Manuel Fernandez Juncos 1917.jpg|thumb|Manuel Fernandez Juncos, author of the current officially adopted lyrics of "La Borinqueña"]]

The music was originally credited to [[Félix Astol Artés]] in 1867 as a habanera [[danza]], with romantic lyrics, but there is some evidence that Francisco Ramírez, a native of [[San German, Puerto Rico|San Germán]], wrote the music<ref name="fortaleza.gobierno.pr"/> in 1860, and named it "La Almojábana".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.coqui.net/alvarezl/danzaFiles/borinquen/borinq.html|title=borinq.html|website=Coqui NET|access-date=2008-12-15|archive-date=2009-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403131846/http://home.coqui.net/alvarezl/danzaFiles/borinquen/borinq.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1868, [[Lola Rodríguez de Tió]] wrote a poem in support of the Puerto Rican revolution, which was set to the Ramírez/Astol music. In fear of investigation by the Spanish government, Ramírez asked Astol to claim authorship of the music since he was a native of [[Catalonia]] and would, therefore, raise no suspicion.<ref name="fortaleza.gobierno.pr"/>

After the cession of the island to the United States, the popular revolutionary lyrics of [[Lola Rodríguez de Tió]] were deemed too subversive for official adoption; therefore, a non-confrontational set of lyrics were written in 1903 by [[Asturias]]-born [[Manuel Fernández Juncos]]. The tune was officially adopted as Puerto Rico's national anthem in 1952 by governor [[Luis Muñoz Marín]], and the words were adopted in 1977 by governor Carlos Romero Barceló.

The version of "La Borinqueña" that is most commonly performed today is performed as a slow-tempo march, without the original tune's initial ''paseo''. Per the request of the new government, Ramón Collado rearranged the music in 1952 into a more military-like tune.<ref name="PRGOV"/> Luis Miranda, the musical director of Puerto Rico's [[65th Infantry]] Regiment Band, adapted the tune to be played as a march in 1922. The 1977 law that officially adopted the words merely stated that "La Borinqueña" be played as a march, with the tempo vaguely described as being in a "martial manner", but established no official arrangement for the music. An official revision made in 2003 leaves the tune as a march.

In 2012, Dr. [[Yajaira Sierra Sastre]], an aspiring astronaut, collaborated in a variety of projects with the National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network and the Cornell Nanoscale Facility, which included writing the smallest "national" anthem ever written, "La Borinqueña Más Pequeña".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elnuevodia.com/ciencia/ciencia/nota/laborinquenamaspequena-1222612/|title='La Borinqueña' más pequeña|date=March 28, 2012|website=El Nuevo Dia}}</ref>

According to Puerto Rico Law # 2 of July 24, 1952, both "La Borinqueña" and "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]" are played at official events.<ref name="LexJuris both hymns">{{cite web | title=Ley Núm. 93 de 2005 -Ley para añadir las Secciones 5 y 6 a la Ley Núm. 1 de 1952: Departamento de Estado, Uso Conjunto de Banderas | website=LexJuris (Leyes y Jurisprudencia) de Puerto Rico | url=http://www.lexjuris.com/LEXLEX/Leyes2005/lexl2005093.htm | language=es | access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref> During international sports competitions such as the Olympics, only "La Borinqueña" is played.<ref>[https://www.sportsengine.com/article/olympic-participation-source-pride-puerto-rico  ''Olympic Participation a Source of Pride in Puerto Rico.'']  Sean Jensen. SportsEngine Inc. 3 October 2018. Accessed 1 February 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220202025637/https://www.sportsengine.com/olympics/olympic-participation-source-pride-puerto-rico Archived.]</ref>

The anthem, with its revolutionary lyrics, was featured in [[Steven Spielberg]]'s [[West Side Story (2021 film)|2021 film adaptation]] of the stage musical ''[[West Side Story]]'', sung by the Puerto Rican gang, the Sharks, early in the film. It was never used in the stage version nor its [[West Side Story (1961 film)|1961 film adaptation]] prior to this film.<ref>[https://www.thenation.com/article/culture/spielberg-west-side-story/ ''What’s New in the New West Side Story?: In Steven Spielberg’s version, we get a film that offers a far more inclusive vision of postwar America but one that still retains its flawed view of working-class tribalism..''] Ed Morales. The Nation. 20 December 2021. Accessed 1 February 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220202025809/https://www.thenation.com/article/culture/spielberg-west-side-story/ Archived.]</ref>