Editing Krzysztof Penderecki (section)

===1933–1958: early years===
Penderecki was born on 23 November 1933 in Dębica, the son of Zofia and Tadeusz Penderecki, a lawyer. His grandfather Michał Penderecki was a native of Tenetnyky village near [[Rohatyn]] (now [[Ukraine]])<ref name="rewakowicz">[https://pmv.org.pl/en/newsroom/to-say-goodbye-to-krzysztof-penderecki/ Roman Rewakowicz’s memoir about Krzysztof Penderecki]</ref> and belonged to the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic church]].<ref name="dw">{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/penderecki-on-aiming-for-the-unreachable/a-17257279|title=Penderecki on 'aiming for the unreachable' |website=Dw.com}}</ref> He married Stefania Szylkiewicz of Armenian origin<ref name="dw" /> from Stanislau (now [[Ivano-Frankivsk]] in [[Ukraine]])<ref name="wprost"/> and they later moved to Dębica. The rest of the Penderecki family adopted Ukrainian identity and some still live in their ancestral village.<ref>[https://www.salon24.pl/u/krakowianin1961/1036008,lxix-wschodnie-korzenie-krzysztofa-pendereckiego (LXIX) Wschodnie korzenie Krzysztofa Pendereckiego]</ref> Krzysztof met them upon his visits to Ukraine in the 1990s.<ref name="rewakowicz" /> On his mother's side his grandfather, Robert Berger, was a highly talented painter and director of the local bank at the time of Penderecki's birth; Robert's father Johann, a German [[Protestant]], moved to Dębica from Breslau (now [[Wrocław]]) in the mid-19th century. Out of love for his wife, he subsequently converted to [[Catholicism]].<ref name="wprost">{{cite web |last=Lech |first=Filip |title=Mistrz |url=https://www.wprost.pl/tygodnik/10169073/mistrz.html |website=Wprost |date=18 November 2018 |access-date=9 March 2023 |language=pl}}</ref><ref name="Schwinger16">Schwinger, p. 16.</ref> 

Krzysztof was the youngest of three siblings; his sister, Barbara, was married to a mining engineer, and his older brother, Janusz, was studying law and medicine at the time of his birth. Tadeusz was a violinist and also played piano.<ref name="Schwinger16"/>

The [[Second World War]] broke out in 1939; Penderecki's family moved out of their apartment, for the Ministry of Food was to operate there. After the war, Penderecki began attending grammar school in 1946. He began studying the violin under Stanisław Darłak, Dębica's military bandmaster who organized an orchestra for the local music society after the war. Upon graduating from grammar school, Penderecki moved to Kraków in 1951, where he attended [[Jagiellonian University]].<ref name="Schwinger17">Schwinger, p. 17.</ref>

He studied violin with Stanisław Tawroszewicz and music theory with Franciszek Skołyszewski. In 1954, Penderecki entered the [[Academy of Music in Kraków]] and, having finished his studies on violin after his first year, focused entirely on composition. Penderecki's main teacher there was Artur Malawski, a composer known for his choral and orchestral works, as well as chamber music and songs. After Malawski's death in 1957, Penderecki took further lessons with [[Stanisław Wiechowicz]], a composer primarily known for his choral works.<ref name="Schwinger18&19">Schwinger, pp. 18–19.</ref> At the time, the 1956 overthrow of [[Stalinism]] in Poland lifted strict cultural censorship and opened the door to a wave of creativity.<ref name="LOC1">{{cite journal |last=Monastra |first=Peggy |title=Krzysztof Penderecki's Polymorphia and Fluorescences |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/moldenhauer/2428143.pdf |journal=Moldenhauer Archives, Library of Congress |access-date=19 March 2012}}</ref>